Abstract: Cesarean scar defect (CSD), a long-term complication of cesarean section, is defined as the localized dilation and cystic protrusion of the intimal layer to the extramuscular process in the scar with poor healing. The main manifestations of CSD are irregular vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, secondary infertility and so on. Current treatments include drug therapy, hysteroscopic diverticulum removal and transvaginal/laparoscopic diverticulum repair. The most suitable treatment option should be personalized for CSD patients with different conditions, which is the emphasis of clinical research. Especially, for those CSD patients with fertility requirements, the focuses on treatment option are whether to undergo surgical repair before the next pregnancy, what kind of operation to be the most appropriate, and whether the outcome of pregnancy after surgical repair to be well improved.

Key words: Diverticulum, Cesarean section, Uterine hemorrhage, Infertility, female, Therapy, Cesarean scar defect