Changes of Human Body Composition in Perimenopausal Women: A Review

doi:10.12280/gjszjk.20210273

Abstract

Abstract:

Perimenopause is an important period of the changes in women′s body composition. Body weight and body fat percentage increase during this period, while bone and muscle mass decrease. These changes increase the risk of many diseases. The human body composition analysis can effectively evaluate the composition of human body under both physiological and pathological conditions, and compare the changes of body composition with the lifestyle. We review the change of body composition in perimenopausal women and the effect of lifestyle intervention and hormone replacement therapy on body composition. It is recommended that perimenopausal women optimize diet, engage in continuous and regular physical activity during mid-life to prevent weight gain and abdominal fat deposition, increase muscle mass, and slow down bone loss, so as to offset the adverse changes in body composition associated with menopause. The behavioral changes during perimenopausal period is the main therapy to prevent the adverse change in body composition. It is also necessary to study furtherly the efficacy and long-term safety of estradiol formulations.

Key words: Perimenopause, Body composition, Body weight changes, Muscle fibers, skeletal, Adiposity, Bone density, Healthy lifestyle, Hormone replacement therapy

YAO Li-jun, WANG Li-na, ZHANG Hui-ying. Changes of Human Body Composition in Perimenopausal Women: A Review[J]. Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning, 2021, 40(6): 495-498.

References 31

[1]	Takahashi TA, Johnson KM. Menopause[J]. Med Clin North Am, 2015, 99(3):521-534. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 URL
[2]	Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1992, 56(1):19-28. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/56.1.19. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/56.1.19 pmid: 1609756
[3]	Wong JCH, O′Neill S, Beck BR, et al. A 5-year longitudinal study of changes in body composition in women in the perimenopause and beyond[J]. Maturitas, 2020, 132:49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.001. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.001 URL
[4]	Yang TC, Gryka AA, Aucott LS, et al. Longitudinal study of weight, energy intake and physical activity change across two decades in older Scottish women[J]. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2017, 71(5):499-504. doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-20794. doi: 10.1136/jech-2016-20794 URL
[5]	Greendale GA, Sternfeld B, Huang M, et al. Changes in body composition and weight during the menopause transition[J]. JCI Insight, 2019, 4(5):e124865. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.124865. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.124865 URL
[6]	Kohrt WM. Menopause medicine: exercise and weight gain[J]. Geriatrics, 2009, 64(6):28-29.
[7]	Ho SC, Wu S, Chan SG, et al. Menopausal transition and changes of body composition: a prospective study in Chinese perimenopausal women[J]. Int J Obes (Lond), 2010, 34(8):1265-1274. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.33. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.33 URL
[8]	Milewicz A, Tworowska U, Demissie M. Menopausal obesity--myth or fact?[J]. Climacteric, 2001, 4(4):273-283. doi: 10.1080/713605137. doi: 10.1080/713605137 pmid: 11770183
[9]	El Khoudary SR, Aggarwal B, Beckie TM, et al. Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation, 2020, 142(25):e506-e532. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912 pmid: 33251828
[10]	Rosito GA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample: the Framingham Heart Study[J]. Circulation, 2008, 117(5):605-613. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743062. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743062 pmid: 18212276
[11]	Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome[J]. Endocr Rev, 2000, 21(6):697-738. doi: 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415. doi: 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 pmid: 11133069
[12]	Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis[J]. Endocr Rev, 2013, 34(3):309-338. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1055. doi: 10.1210/er.2012-1055 pmid: 23460719
[13]	Van Pelt RE, Gavin KM, Kohrt WM. Regulation of Body Composition and Bioenergetics by Estrogens[J]. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2015, 44(3):663-676. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.011. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.011 URL
[14]	Liu XM, Chan HC, Ding GL, et al. FSH regulates fat accumulation and redistribution in aging through the Gαi/Ca(2+)/CREB pathway[J]. Aging Cell, 2015, 14(3):409-420. doi: 10.1111/acel.12331. doi: 10.1111/acel.12331 URL
[15]	Juppi HK, Sipilä S, Cronin NJ, et al. Role of Menopausal Transition and Physical Activity in Loss of Lean and Muscle Mass: A Follow-Up Study in Middle-Aged Finnish Women[J]. J Clin Med, 2020, 9(5):1588. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051588. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051588 URL
[16]	Bougea A, Papadimas G, Papadopoulos C, et al. An Age-Related Morphometric Profile of Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Untrained Women[J]. J Clin Med, 2016, 5(11):97. doi: 10.3390/jcm5110097. doi: 10.3390/jcm5110097 URL
[17]	Collins BC, Laakkonen EK, Lowe DA. Aging of the musculoskeletal system: How the loss of estrogen impacts muscle strength[J]. Bone, 2019, 123:137-144. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.033. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.033 URL
[18]	Sipilä S, Finni T, Kovanen V. Estrogen influences on neuromuscular function in postmenopausal women[J]. Calcif Tissue Int, 2015, 96(3):222-233. doi: 10.1007/s00223-014-9924-x. doi: 10.1007/s00223-014-9924-x URL
[19]	Collins BC, Arpke RW, Larson AA, et al. Estrogen Regulates the Satellite Cell Compartment in Females[J]. Cell Rep, 2019, 28(2):368-381.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.025. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.025 URL
[20]	Sowers MR, Clark MK, Hollis B, et al. Radial bone mineral density in pre- and perimenopausal women: a prospective study of rates and risk factors for loss[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 1992, 7(6):647-657. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650070609. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.5650070609 pmid: 1414483
[21]	Sowers MR, Greendale GA, Bondarenko I, et al. Endogenous hormones and bone turnover markers in pre- and perimenopausal women: SWAN[J]. Osteoporos Int, 2003, 14(3):191-197. doi: 10.1007/s00198-002-1329-4. doi: 10.1007/s00198-002-1329-4 pmid: 12730778
[22]	Greendale GA, Sowers M, Han W, et al. Bone mineral density loss in relation to the final menstrual period in a multiethnic cohort: results from the Study of Women′s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)[J]. J Bone Miner Res, 2012, 27(1):111-118. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.534. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.534 pmid: 21976317
[23]	Greendale GA, Huang M, Cauley JA, et al. Trabecular Bone Score Declines During the Menopause Transition: The Study of Women′s Health Across the Nation (SWAN)[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(4):e1872-e1882. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz056. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz056 URL
[24]	Wolski H, Drews K, Bogacz A, et al. The RANKL/RANK/OPG signal trail: significance of genetic polymorphisms in the etiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis[J]. Ginekol Pol, 2016, 87(5):347-352. doi: 10.5603/GP.2016.0014. doi: 10.5603/GP.2016.0014 URL
[25]	Raisz LG. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects[J]. J Clin Invest, 2005, 115(12):3318-3325. doi: 10.1172/JCI27071. doi: 10.1172/JCI27071 URL
[26]	Lizneva D, Yuen T, Sun L, et al. Emerging concepts in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical care of osteoporosis across the menopausal transition[J]. Matrix Biol, 2018, 71/72:70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.001. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.001 URL
[27]	Flor-Alemany M, Marín-Jiménez N, Nestares T, et al. Mediterranean diet, tobacco consumption and body composition during perimenopause. The FLAMENCO project[J]. Maturitas, 2020, 137:30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.002. doi: S0378-5122(20)30232-2 pmid: 32498934
[28]	Bailey RL, Zou P, Wallace TC, et al. Calcium Supplement Use Is Associated With Less Bone Mineral Density Loss, But Does Not Lessen the Risk of Bone Fracture Across the Menopause Transition: Data From the Study of Women′s Health Across the Nation[J]. JBMR Plus, 2020, 4(1):e10246. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10246. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10246
[29]	Gao HL, Gao HX, Sun FM, et al. Effects of walking on body composition in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Menopause, 2016, 23(8):928-934. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000627. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000627
[30]	Sipilä S, Törmäkangas T, Sillanpää E, et al. Muscle and bone mass in middle-aged women: role of menopausal status and physical activity[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2020, 11(3):698-709. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12547. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12547 URL
[31]	Costa G, Carneiro G, Umeda L, et al. Influence of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters[J]. Biores Open Access, 2020, 9(1):80-85. doi: 10.1089/biores.2019.0050. doi: 10.1089/biores.2019.0050 URL