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14 Cases of Ovarian Torsion after in vitro Fertilization JIANG Lei, XU Su-xin, HAO Gui-min Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2016, 35 (4): 276-277.   Abstract （3136）      PDF （666KB）（27014）    PDF（mobile） （264KB）（34）    Knowledge map    Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of ovarian torsion and the early diagnosis by transvaginal sonography in those women who received in vitro fertilization （ＩＶＦ） ｔｒeatment, so as to provide a practical reference for clinical work. Methods：Data of 14 cases of ovarian torsion who received IVF treatment were retrospectively analyzed, from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014 in our department. Results：In 14 cases, six cases were treated successfully by bimanual reduction; and 8 cases by laparoscopic surgery, including 4 cases by ipsilateral adnexectomy, 1 case of bilateral ovarian torsion by the ipsilateral adnexectomy and the contralateral ovary reset, and 3 cases by diseased ovary reset. There were 9 cases who had successful pregnancy including 8 live births and 1 early abortion. Conclusions：Combined with the clinical manifestations and signs of ovarian torsion, ultrasound examination is an effective method for the early diagnosis of ovarian torsion. The transvaginal bimanual reset after early diagnosis can effectively decrease the rate of surgery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Incidence of Perinatal Congenital Heart Disease in China：A Meta-Analysis XU Wen-jing, WEI Li-li, WANG Ying, WEI Ying, WANG Jian, MAO Bao-hong, TAO Zhong-bin, YANG Ke-hu, LIU Qing Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2020, 39 (4): 269-275.   Abstract （2334）      PDF （1238KB）（11672）       Knowledge map    Objective: To evaluate the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) among perinatal kids in China. Methods：English and Chinese databases were electronically searched, to get the studies on the prevalence of COH in China from the creation of databases to January 2020. Two investigators independently reviewed those included studies, extracted data and evaluated data quality. Stata 12.0 software was used for the meta-synthesis. Results：29 original literatures were screened, reporting 8 327 724 subjects. Meta-regression analyses revealed that the total incidence of CHD among perinatal kids of China was 2.9‰ (95%CI: 2.2‰-3.8‰). The subgrouped analysis showed that ventricular septal defect was the main subtype. The incidence of CHD in male perinatal kids (2.9‰) was higher than that in female perinatal kids (2.2‰). The incidence of perinatal CHD in urban (2.5‰) was higher than that in rural (1.1‰). This incidence in the south (3.5‰) was higher than that in the north (2.1‰). The incidence of perinatal CHD of maternal age ≥35 (2.8‰) was higher than that of maternal age ＜35 (2.0‰). This incidence decreased from 2007 to 2012, and then showed an increasing trend from 2012. Conclusions：The ncidence of COH among perinatal kids of China showed an increasing trend in recent years. More targeted interventions should be provided so as to reduce the incidence of CHD. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pregnant Outcome of Single-Blastocyst Transfer in High Ovarian Responders with the Different Level of Estradiol ZHANG Yu-ting，CHEN Ting，SU Ying-chun Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2018, 37 (1): 32-35.   Abstract （2493）      PDF （913KB）（11377）       Knowledge map    Objective：To compare the pregnant outcomes of single-blastocyst transfer in those high ovarian responders with the different levels of serum estradiol on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injection in their ovarian stimulation cycles. Methods：A total of 1 167 cycles in those high ovarian responders who performed embyo transfer in their fresh stimulation cycles were retrospectively analyzed. According to the concentration of serum estradiol (E2) on the day of hCG administration, 1 167 cycles were divided into four groups as follows. The group A (n=59) was the D5 single-blastocyst transfer group while E2＜5 000 pg/mL. The group B (n=219) was the D3 embyo transfer while E2＜5 000 pg/mL. The group C (n=387) was D5 single-blastocyst transfer while E2≥5 000 pg/mL. The group D (n=502) was the D3 embyo transfer while E2≥5 000 pg/mL. The basical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the group A and B, and between the group C and D. Results：The number of retrieved oocytes，mature oocytes/MⅡ oocytes, 2PN fertility rate, number of embyo transfered in the group A were higher than those in the group B, while the twins pregnancy rate and twins delivery rate were lower than those in the group B (all P＜0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, live birth rate and moderate-severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) between the group A and the group B (P＞0.05). The bFSH and the dose of gonadotroph in the group C were lower than the group D, while the AFC, the number of retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes/MⅡ oocytes, the concentrations of serum E2, progestron (P) on the day of hCG, 2PN fertility rate, 2PN cleavage rate, number of embyo transfered, number of high quality in the group C were higher than those in the group D (all P＜0.01). Interestingly, the implantation rate in the group C was higher than group D, while the twins pregnancy rate, twins delivery rate and the rate of moderate-severe OHSS were significantly lower than those in the group D (all P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in the clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate, live birth rate between the group C and the group D (P＞0.05). Conclusions：Compared with the two cleavage embryos transfer，the single-blastocyst transfer under the different concentrations of E2 on the day of hCG stimulation can ensure the similar pregnancy rate and live bith rate, while significantly reduce the twins pregnancy rate and twins delivery rate. Meanwhile, the incidence of OHSS is not increased in those cycles with the higher level of estradiol.   Related Articles | Metrics

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New Progress in Drug Pretreatment in Patients with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency SHUAI Ling, DIAO Rui-ying, WU Sha, ZHONG Mei, WANG Li-ping Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2021, 40 (1): 53-59.   DOI: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200315 Abstract （2370）   HTML （33）    PDF （1122KB）（11362）       Knowledge map    Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disease that seriously affects the physical and mental health of women during childbearing period. However, the pathogenesis of POI is still unknown. For patients with POI, there is no effective means to prevent and/or restore their normal ovarian reserve. For those POI patients with fertility needs, the timely assisted reproductive treatment can improve their pregnancy rate and live birth rate. Individual fertility assessment of POI patients before assisted reproductive therapy, using a variety of pretreatment regimens, can effectively improve the poor ovarian response (POR), increase the success rate of assisted reproduction and improve pregnancy outcome. This article reviewed the progress in the pretreatment with assisted reproductive drugs in POI patients, including hormonal drugs, antioxidant stress agents, immunomodulators, anticoagulants and metabolic regulators, in order to provide reference for the selection of individual treatment protocols. It is true that the pretreatment with assisted reproductive drugs in patients with POI is very important for improving the pregnancy outcome. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in the Application of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology CHEN Yi-li, YAO Shu-zhong Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2017, 36 (6): 482-487.   Abstract （2720）      PDF （1123KB）（11278）       Knowledge map    While the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has been continuously improved and reformed in recent years, it has been gradually replaced zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology as the third generation gene editing technology with wide application prospect. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been widely used in the cellular gene editing and gene regulation, gene knockout animal models construction and the human disease treatment research based on animal models. In addition, related experiments have already confirmed that this technology can play a role in gene editing of human embryos. There are two CRISPR/Cas9 clinical trials at present. It is worth looking forward to be applied in clinical targeted therapy. In this paper, the basic structure, the principle of action and potential application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology are briefly reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Sirtuins in Field of Reproductive Medicine HE Yuan-man，DU Hui-lan Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (2): 146-149.   Abstract （2347）      PDF （751KB）（11221）       Knowledge map    The roles of Sirtuins family in reproductive regulation has become a research hotspot in recent years. Sirtuins can regulate spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement during meiosis, improve meiosis of oocyte, promote mitochondrial biosynthesis, regulate energy homeostasis, and improve oocyte and early embryo quality. Sirtuins can protect in vitro the cultured oocyte by increasing antioxidant enzymes. Sirtuins therefore extent female reproductive life by participating in calorie restriction and anti-oxidation. Sirtuins can also inhibit the apoptosis of human granulosa cells, regulate the secretion of reproductive hormones, and provide a good microenvironment for the development of oocytes. In addition, sirtuins play a positive role in the quality and quantity of male sperm. We summarize the effects of sirtuins and the mechanism in reproductive regulation, so as to provide a reference for the future application of Sirtuins agonists in human reproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transverse Facial Cleft in Newborn: A Case Report and Literature Review FANG Qian-yu Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (3): 261-262.   Abstract （2281）            Knowledge map    Transverse facial cleft is a congenital facial malformation that seriously affects the beauty and survival of newborns, and unilateral cleft is common. The incidence of transverse facial cleft is very low, and the etiology remains unknown. At present, there is no clear and effective means to screen the disease before or during pregnancy. However, it is very easy to diagnose according to its clinical manifestations after delivery. Surgery is main therapeutic method of transverse facial cleft to correct facial deformity, but the best surgical method is still uncertain. In this paper, a case of transverse facial cleft was reported, and the related literatures were reviewed, so as to improve our understanding of the disease. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influential Factors on Clinical Outcomes of Artificial Insemination with Donor Sperm NI Li-li，WANG Jing，ZHANG Yan，DIAO Fei-yang，MA Xiang，LIU Jia-yin Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (5): 357-361.   Abstract （2441）      PDF （854KB）（11099）       Knowledge map    Objective：To investigate the influential factors on the clinical outcomes of artificial insemination with donor sperm (AID). Methods: The data of 4 067 AID cycles from 1 810 couples between January 2012 and April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, to investigate the effects of women′s age, female infertility factors, therapeutic regimen, insemination timing and the numbers of treatment cycle on the AID outcomes. Results: ①Both clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates were decreased with women′s age (both P＜0.05).②Women with ovulation failure, postoperative pelvic endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease had comparable clinical outcomes to those infertile women with pure male factors of husbands (all P＞0.05）. ③There were no significant differences in clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate or live birth rate among natural cycle, clomiphene cycle, letrozole cycle and pure Gn cycle (both P＞0.05), while the rates of multiple pregnancy in clomiphene and letrozole cycle were significantly higher than that in natural cycle (both P＜0.001). ④Insemination before or after ovulation didn′t affect the clinical outcomes of AID in both natural cycle and ovulation induction cycle (both P＞0.05). ⑤Both cumulative pregnancy rate and cumulative live birth rate were significantly increased with the numbers of treatment cycle within the first 4 cycles (both P＜0.05), but no longer increased visibly since the fifth cycle (both P＞0.05). Conclusions: Women′s age was an important factor of the success of AID. We found in this paper that other factors of female infertility and insemination timing could not significantly affect the clinical outcomes of AID. IVF treatment should be considered for those women who did not get pregnancy after 3 or 4 AID treatment cycles, or those women aged over 40 years. Related Articles | Metrics

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外泌体与生殖细胞生长发育的研究进展 Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2017, 36 (1): 31-35.   Abstract （2528）      PDF （939KB）（11052）       Knowledge map    The growth and development of Oocyte and sperm are regulated by cytokines in the microenvironment. The blood-follicular barrier encompass the follicle, as same as the blood-testis barrier present in the testes. It is not very clear that how the microenvironment where germ cells exist interchange signals and nutrient with the body. As a membrane vesicle, exosomes are commonly found in body fluids. So it would be involved in a series of physiological and pathological activities. For example，exosome can be involved in signal transduction and exchange of material between cell. It also can induce immune tolerance and promote the occurrence and development of tumor. Exosomes must play an important role in the follicle and testis. Exosomes from the ovary plays an important role in the occurrence and development of follicle. Seminal plasma’s exosomes promote to maintain the sperm function during sperm in vitro. The study of exosomes is a new field in reproductive medicine, which will bring a new opportunity for reproductive medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Advances in Epigenetic Changes Based on Development of Embryonic-derived Diseases Zhide DING Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2017, 36 (1): 39-44.   Abstract （2418）      PDF （942KB）（11043）       Knowledge map    In recent years, a number of animal experiments and epidemiological studies focused on the "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)" theory have revealed that DNA methylation, histone modification and transcriptional regulation of non-coding RNA and other epigenetic modifications may play important roles in the development of embryonic-derived disease. For instance, abnormal methylation of nr3c1 and 11β-hsd-2 gene can affect the development of fetal nervous system, resulting in postnatal neurobehavioral depression, schizophrenia and other mental disorders; while the role of histone deacetylase HDAC3 in the development of the second ventricle is directly correlated to the onset of human congenital heart disease, including morphological defects in the second ventricular development and extracellular matrix abnormalities. This review summarizes the research advances in epigenetic changes based on the development of embryonic-derived disease in order to provide reliable theoretical and experimental evidences for the prevention, clinical diagnosis and treatment of some known embryonic-derived diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Needs & Demands of Management and Health Care for Middle-Aged and Elder Women with Menopause Syndromes Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (4): 283-286.   Abstract （2384）      PDF （774KB）（11007）       Knowledge map    Objective：To investigate the demand of treatment and health care of menopausal syndrome in middle-aged and old women, and the menopause-related knowledge, so as to provide the scientific guidance for the clinical health care of menopause. Methods：A stratified random cluster sampling was used to select women aged 40 to 60 years in Tianjin, to conduct a questionnaire survey. Results：A total of 2 400 eligible women were investigated in this study, and 2 018 eligible questionnaires were collected (the eligible rate, 84.08%). Of the 2 018 women interviewed, 1 212 were naturally menopausal, with an average age of (49.73±3.53) years. A survey of 1 623 cases of menopausal transition, early and late menopause showed that 9.61% (156/1 623) of women were receiving the treatment of menopausal syndrome, 69.23% (108/156) of whom received traditional Chinese medicine, and only 9.62% (15/156) received hormone therapy. 42.27% (686/1 623) women thought that menopausal syndrome needed treatment, 72.01% (494/686) of them tended to be treated with traditional Chinese medicine, but not with hormone alone. 65.06% (1 056/1 623) women received the education on menopause-related health knowledge, 61.27% (647/1 056) women got health knowledge from the media, 15.53% (164/1 056) women from medical institutions. Totally, 66.67% (1 082/1 623) women wanted to know about the health care-releted knowledge. Conclusions：Middle-aged and old women are eager to know about menopause. However, the professional guidance from medical institutions is insufficient. Compared with hormone replacement therapy, traditional Chinese medicine therapy has a higher acceptance in Chinese women. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in the Etiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome LENG Qin, WEI Zhao-lian Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2018, 37 (1): 57-61.   Abstract （2694）      PDF （929KB）（10972）       Knowledge map    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. In addition to their inherent polycystic ovary, hyperandrogenism and ovarian dysfunction, there are obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and other metabolic abnormalities. With the change of living environment, the incidence of PCOS gradually increases. If the condition is not improved for a long time, it will not only affect reproductive health, but also affect general health. Although we have made a little progress in understanding PCOS, the complicated etiology and heterogeneous clinical manifestations suggested that the comprehensive treatment was very important for those PCOS women. For those PCOS women with fertility demand, the ovulation induced with drugs will help them to get pregnancy. However, the objective of the ovulation induction should be to get a single developed follicle, and to avoid the multiple developing follicles. In IVF/ICSI cycles, an excess of developing follicles should be avoided so as to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and multiple pregnancy. The research progress of the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of PCOS were briefly discussed in this review. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in Neuroendocrine Mechanism of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome QIAN Zi-wei, YAO Qi, ZHOU Ge, REN Qing-ling, HU Rong-kui Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2021, 40 (1): 79-83.   DOI: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200249 Abstract （1981）   HTML （26）    PDF （886KB）（10939）       Knowledge map    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent reproductive endocrine disorder in women. PCOS is characterized by three clinical features of hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction and the polycystic appearance of the ovaries. Hyperandrogenemia is driven by the increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse secretion from the pituitary. Indeed, PCOS women display both the elevated mean level of LH and the elevated frequency of LH pulses. The abnormally high frequency of LH pulses reflects a hyperactive circuit of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which suggests a neuroendocrine basis to either the etiology or phenotype of PCOS. Several studies in preclinical animal models of PCOS have demonstrated the alterations in GnRH neurons and their upstream afferent neuronal circuits. The PCOS model of excessive androgen or Mulller′s hormone exposure during development confirmed the increased activity of GnRH neurons that is related to the stimulation of Kisspeptinergic and GABAergic neurons to control GnRH neurons. In this paper, we review the pathology of PCOS associated with high frequency GnRH/LH pulses and highlight about the involved neural networks, and then discuss the neuroendocrine origins of PCOS. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-Analysis of Melatonin Supplementation during Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation for Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology ZHOU Li-yuan, WEN Yi, TANG Jun, KANG Ge-hua, MAO Zeng-hui Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2021, 40 (1): 11-17.   DOI: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200396 Abstract （3581）   HTML （34）    PDF （1607KB）（10935）       Knowledge map    Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the CNKI Database, VIP Database, Wanfang Database and the Chinese Biomedicine (CBM) Database for eligible studies published by the end of January 2020. Two independent evaluators screened the randomized controlled trials retrieved the effects of melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. The quality of the included studies was assessed, and the data were extracted for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3.Results: A total of 6 RCTs involving 767 cycles were included. Among them, 419 cycles were in the melatonin group and 348 cycles in the control group. The meta-analysis showed that the numbers of MⅡ oocytes, high-quality embryos and the E2 levels on hCG day in the melatonin group was significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation moderately elevated the clinical pregnancy rate, but the difference was not significant (WMD=1.34, P=0.08, 95%CI: 0.96-1.86). However, there were no significant differences in the number of oocytes retrieved and embryos transplanted, fertilization rate and abortion rate between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusions: The currently available evidence suggests that melatonin supplementation during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for women undergoing assisted reproductive technology can improve the numbers of MⅡ oocytes and high-quality embryos, and clinical pregnancy rate. Larger sample size and multicenter RCTs are needed to verify the above conclusions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone on the Clinical Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection-Embryo Transfer for the Patients with Poor Ovarian Response GAO Rui-fan, TU Zeng-rong, WANG Li-yuan, DUAN Rui-yun Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (5): 370-373.   Abstract （2481）      PDF （810KB）（10930）       Knowledge map    Objective：To investigate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone（DHEA） on the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer （IVF/ICSI -ET）in the patients with poor ovarian responsiveness (POR). Methods: A total of 205 patients with POR who underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in our Center were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into three groups；Group A consisted of 69 patients who received DHEA 25 mg orally three times a day for one month, Group B consisted of 64 patients who received DHEA 25 mg orally three times a day for three months，and Group C consisted of 72 patients who did not receive DHEA pretreatment. The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), stradiol (E2), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and antrol follicle count (AFC) were measured on the third day of menstruation after pretreatment. Routine short-term protocol (GnRHa+Gn) was used for the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). The number of eggs retrieved, fertilization rate, high quality embryo rate, embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early spontaneous abortion rate, cycle cancellation rate were compared among the three groups. Results: In the group A, there were no significant differences in the levels of FSH, E2, AMH and AFC when compared before and after DHEA pretreatment. In the group B, the levels of FSH and E2 were significantly decreased, while the levels of AMH and AFC increased, after DHEA pretreatment (all P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the Gn amount among the three groups. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs retrieved, cleavage rate, fertilization rate, high-quality embryo rate, embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early spontaneous abortion rate and cycle cancellation rate when compared between the group A and the group C (all P＞0.05). Interestingly, the number of eggs retrieved, high quality embryo rate, embryo implantation rate in the group B after DHEA treatment were significantly increased than those in the group C (P＜0.05). Conclusions: DHEA can improve the ovarian reserve function and the clinical outcome of IVF-ET for the patients with POR, and the therapeutic effects are dependent on the duration of DHEA pretreatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of the Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion Caused by Dysimmunity and Prethrombotic State GUAN Gui-xue，YAN Lei Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2018, 37 (2): 145-149.   Abstract （2378）      PDF （812KB）（10907）       Knowledge map    Many etiologies attribute to the recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Nowadays, the prethrombotic state and immunological factors have aroused more and more attention. However, it is difficult for us to treat the RSA related to dysimmunity or prethrombotic state. Usually, prednison, ciclosporin, immune globulin and lipid emulsion can be used in those women with abnormal lymphocyte, autoantibody and abnormal complement system. Prednison, hydroxychioroquine and immune globulin are used in those woman with the positive lupus screening test, and abnormal anti-SSA, anti-SSB and anti-dsDNA. Ciclosporin and immune globulin can be used when the blocking antibody is negative, while aspirin and low molecular heparin used when the coagulation indicator is abnormal and the antiphospholipid antibody is positive. Most of these drugs are out of their scopes when they are used in RSA. However, a great deal of clinical trials have proved that RSA women can authentically benefit from these drugs. We discussed the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs when used in RSA women, including the mechanism and clinical effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Falloposcopy: A Review CHEN Hang, HUANG Xiao-wu Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2017, 36 (3): 213-218.   Abstract （2304）      PDF （764KB）（10905）       Knowledge map    Falloposcope, a microendoscopy for the inspection of inner side of fallopian tube, can enter into fallopian tube with the guide of hysteroscopy, laparoscopy and fertiloscopy, or without the guide. Not only can falloposcope be used for the examination of tubal patency, including stenosis, obstruction, adhesions, hyperemia, hydrops, polyps, diverticulum, endometriotic lesions and so on, but also used for the biopsy of lesion and the dredge of fallopian tube. Falloposcope can be used to evaluate the function of fallopian tube, correcting the false positive and false negative results of the traditional test. It means that falloposcope can be employed for both diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, the causes of some tubal infertility can be clarified by falloposcope. The in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is preferred for those patients with serious tubal lesions, while surgical treatment can increase the natural pregnancy chance for patients with mild tubal lesions. With the development of reproductive medicine technology and the deep study on fallopian tube, the advantages of falloposcopy have been showed, especially its irreplaceable role in the diagnosis and treatment of tubal disease. This review focuses on the progress of diagnosis and treatment of falloposcopy at home and abroad in recent years，and summarizes the clinical application value of it. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reproductive Outcome of Metroplasty by Laparoscopy Combined with Hysteroscopy for Complete Bicornuate Uterus LIU Lin-lin，HUANG Xiao-wu，XIA En-lan Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2018, 37 (2): 99-102.   Abstract （2336）      PDF （810KB）（10901）       Knowledge map    Objective：To explore the improvement of reproductive outcome in those women with a complete bicornuate uterus who underwent metroplasty by the laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy. Methods: 19 women with complete bicornuate uteri who underwent metroplasty by the laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy in our hospital from October 2006 to November 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The pregnancy outcome was followed-up. Results: 19 women were followed up for 2 to 11 years, and 4 of them dropped. In 15 women, 9 cases of pregnancy and 6 cases of non-pregnancy were recorded after their one-year effective postoperative contraception. The first postoperative pregnancy time after metroplasty ranges from 14 to 46 months. For the 9 women who had conception, the rates of spontaneous abortion (90.5% vs. 10.0%), term delivery (0 vs. 50.0%) and "take-home-baby" (0 vs. 80.0%) were recorded before and after the operation (all P＜0.05). Of the 19 patients, a total of 4 patients with complete bicornuate uteri combined with cervical insufficiency underwent laparoscopic abdominal cerclage before pregnancy, and 2 of them achieved successful pregnancy and delivered live babies. Conclusions: The metroplasty by the laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy can significantly improve the reproductive prognosis for those women with adverse pregnancy outcomes owing to complete bicornuate uterus. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Status and Progress on the Treatment of Repeated Implantation Failure Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2017, 36 (1): 53-56.   Abstract （2734）      PDF （925KB）（10892）       Knowledge map    Repeated implantation failure (RIF) refers to failure of achieving a clinical pregnancy after transferring several good-quality embryos in several IVF/ICSI cycles. The causes are complicated, in matrix, including abnormal anatomical structure, bad receptivity of endometrium, disorder immune state; in embryo factors, including abnormal hereditary substance, inappropriate incubation and implantation. How to detect the exact causes of RIF and appropriate pretreatment are the key to improve the prognosis of RIF. The methods include, in matrix, correcting abnormal anatomical structure through surgery, increasing endometrial thickness, suppressing frequent uterine contraction, regulating coagulation function and immune state, improving response of endometrium et. al; as to embryo, screening good-qualify embryos, assisting hatching embryos and improving implanting skills. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer Outcomes between GnRH Antagonist Protocol and Mild Stimulation Protocol in Poor Ovarian Responders ZHOU Li-na，CHEN Wei，WU Yu，GAO Xiao-hong Journal of International Reproductive Health/Family Planning    2019, 38 (5): 374-377.   Abstract （2638）      PDF （824KB）（10891）       Knowledge map    Objective：To compare the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol and clomiphene citrate (CC) mild stimulation protocol on the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in patients with poor ovarian response (POR). Methods：The clinical data of 432 IVF/ICSI cycles of POR patients from January 2015 to December 2017 in our department were retrospectively analyzed. According to the ovarian stimulation protocol, those cycles were divided into the GnRH antagonist group (n=248 cycles) and the CC mild stimulation group (n=184 cycles). Results：There were no significant differences in age, basic FSH, BMI and duration of infertility between the two groups (P＞0.05). Compared with the CC mild stimulation group, the GnRH antagonist group had the increased values of the Gn duration, Gn dosage, endometrium thickness, number of oocytes retrieved, number of transferable embrys, and fresh embryo transfer rate (P＜0.05), and the decreased cycle cancellation rate (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in the estradiol level on trigger day, the number of embryos transferred, the number of high-quality embryos transferred, embryo implantation rate, pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate and live birth rate between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusions：GnRH antagonist protocol can increase the numbers of oocytes and transferable embrys and the rate of fresh embryo transfer, and reduce the cycle cancellation rate in POR patients receiving IVF-ET. It can be used as one of the treatment options for POR patients. Related Articles | Metrics