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15 January 2015, Volume 34 Issue 1
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Status, Challenges and Development of Reproductive Health Education for Unmarried Migrant Adolescents ZHENG Xiao-ying;ZHANG Lei 2015, 34 (1):  6-8.  Abstract ( 1436 )   PDF (585KB) ( 7663 )   The current status, challenges and development of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education for those unmarried adolescents were discussed, which based on the perspective of SRH needs in China. SRH needs of those unmarried adolescents can be described as follows: extensive content, diverse approaches, and privacy of education/consulting enviroment. Currently, the challenges include: family loss in its basic function of SRH knowledge transfer; SRH education vacancy in rural schools; and the sharp transition from “too shy to talk about sex” to “sexual liberation” in those unmarried adolescents. To actively respond to these challenges, it need to increase policy support, to make the families and parents play an active role in SRH education in pre-teen school and during the school, to ensure young people acquire life skills-based comprehensive SRH education in compulsory education, and to promote their SRH to combine with the compositive intervention related to employment, health, education and anti-violence in those unmarried adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Oral Contraceptives and its Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases LI Ying 2015, 34 (1):  9-12.  Abstract ( 1436 )   PDF (753KB) ( 7690 )   Recent trends in oral contraceptive (OC) were the ultra low-dose estrogen OC regimen, the novel compounds (third-generation progestins, drospirenone, and estradiol valerate), multi-phase OC, and the varied OC regimens including extended and continuous contraceptives. Contraceptive management should take into account women lifestyle and coexisting medical issues, as well as contraceptive efficacy and safety, and noncontraceptive benefits. LO MINASTRIN-FE may reduce those adverse reactions related to estrogen in long-term use, suggesting the improved safety in theory. Safyral contained with DRSP can be used not only for contraception, but also for treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder and acne because it can rise the folate level in women. Natazia■ is a new OC with estradiol valerate and dienogest in a unique 4-phasic formulation which could be recommended as an OC for those women with PCOS, insulin resistant or overweight. So far as newer OCs such as 84+7 and 24+4 regimens, their one-year pregnancy rates were significantly lower than this rate of 21+7 regimen. The key challenge now is how to guide the safe use of new OC with new evidence of the evidence-based medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Confusion about Providing Sexual and Reproductive Health Service for Unmarried Youth Migrants: Voice from Suppliers and Demanders GUO Hua;ZHANG Lei;PANG Li-hua;HU Cheng-hua;ZHENG Xiao-ying 2015, 34 (1):  13-18.  Abstract ( 1503 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 7658 )   Nowadays sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service is not easily accessible to unmarried youth migrants. Those unmarried youth migrants and medical workers, as suppliers and demanders, are both in confusion. Those unmarried youth migrants are confused about selecting right medical resources. Owing to privacy, attitude of medical officials, time and other issues, some migrant adolescents tend to seek medical service from private clinics. On the other hand, some medical workers render service passively and incompletely. Problems of reproductive health in those unmarried youth migrants are also related with their mental health. The contradictions and misunderstandings about SRH service for unmarried youth migrants were proposed in this paper by comparing suppliers and demanders. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Concept，Cognition and Behavior of Sexual and Reproductive Health of Unmarried Migrant Adolescents--A Qualitative Interview Study in Six Provinces of China WANG Lei;ZHANG Lei;HU Cheng-hua;PANG Li-hua;ZHENG Xiao-ying 2015, 34 (1):  19-22.  Abstract ( 1444 )   PDF (632KB) ( 7636 )   Objective：To investigate the characteristics of concept, cognition and behavior of sexual and reproductive health in those unmarried migrant adolescents in China, so as to make some reasonable suggestions for improving the health services for those people. Methods：One hundred and twenty unmarried migrant adolescents in six provinces of China were interviewed with a qualitative questionnaire form. The qualitative analysis was based on the data of the characteristics of concept, cognition and behavior of sexual and reproductive health in those people. Results：Those unmarried migrant adolescents had multiple sexual concepts. They got knowledge on sexual and reproductive health from internet, books/magazines and friends, but their knowledge level was fairly limited. A lot of unmarried migrant adolescents had sexual experience; however, their cognition of sexual self-protection was poor. Conclusions：The characteristics of sexual knowledge, behavior and morality in those unmarried migrant adolescents are profoundly affected by their upbringing background, education, work environment and mobility, which is related to the widespread but serious problems of sexual and reproductive health in those people. It is necessary to improve the quality of public services of sexual and reproductive health in those unmarried migrant adolescents by providing easy ways to obtain contraceptive devices，enhancing sexual and reproductive health education in school, and providing public services specifically for those people. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Hetero- and Homo- Sexual Behaviors and Influencing Factors in Unmarried Out-of-school Youth Aged 15 to 24 Years HU Ta-jing;ZUO Xia-yun;LIAN Qi-guo;WANG Zi-liang;YU Chun-yan;TU Xiao-wen;CHENG Yan;LOU Chao-hua 2015, 34 (1):  23-27.  Abstract ( 1573 )   PDF (732KB) ( 7608 )   Objective：To explore heterosexual and homosexual behaviors, and influencing factors, in those unmarried out-of-school young people aged 15 to 24 years, so as to provide the basis on the education and service of sexual and reproductive health for those young people. Methods：The questionnaire survey form was anonymously filled out by 1 113 unmarried out-oｆ－ｓｃｈｏｏｌ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｐｅｏｐｌｅ ｏｎ ｓｉｘ ｔａｒｇｅｔ ｓｐｏｔｓ ｉｎ ｕｒｂａｎ ａｎｄ ｒｕｒａｌ ａｒｅａｓ ｏｆ ｓｉｘ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ ｓｅｌｆ－ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ（ＣＡＳＩ） ｓｙｓｔｅｍ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ： Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｈｅｔｅｒｏ－ ｏｒ ｈｏｍｏ－ ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １５ ｔｏ １８ ｙｅａｒｓ ｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ １９ ｔｏ ２４ ｙｅａｒｓ ｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｉｎ ｆｅｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ （Ｐ＜０．０５）． ７．１４％ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １５ ｔｏ １８ ｙｅａｒｓ ｆｅｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｆｏｒｃｅｄ． Ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｓａｆｅｔｙ ｐｒｅｃａｕｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｉｎ ６６．６７％ ｏｆ ｍａｌｅｓ ａｎｄ ４０．００％ ｏｆ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １５ ｔｏ １８ ｙｅａｒｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ， ａｎｄ ｉｎ ５８．８２％ ｏｆ ｍａｌｅｓ ａｎｄ ４９．１１％ ｏｆ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １９ ｔｏ ２４ ｙｅａｒｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ． Ａｂｏｕｔ ３０．００％ ｏｆ ｍａｌｅｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｄ ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ′ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｉｅｓ， ａｎｄ ３０％ ｏｆ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｄ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｉｅｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １９ ｔｏ ２４ ｙｅａｒｓ ｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｇｅ－ｍａｔｃｈｅｄ ｆｅｍａｌｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ （Ｐ＜０．０１）． Ｏｎ ｈｏｍｏｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ， ｔｈｅ ａｖｅｒａｇｅ ａｇｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｆｉｒｓｔ ｈｏｍｏｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １５ ｔｏ １８ ｙｅａｒｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗａｓ ａｂｏｕｔ １４ ｙｅａｒｓ， １５．７９％ ｏｆ ｍａｌｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ １９ ｔｏ ２４ ｙｅａｒｓ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｆｏｒｃｅｄ ｔｏ ｈａｖｅ， ａｎｄ ４６．１５％ ｏｆ ｍａｌｅｓ ａｎｄ ３３．３３％ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅｙ ｈａｄ ｍｏｒｅ ｔｈａｎ ｔｗｏ ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ． Ｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｅｓ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｗａｔｃｈｉｎｇ ｐｏｒｎｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ ａｎｄ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｏｌｄｅｒ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｍｏｎ ｒｉｓｋ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ｏｆ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｆｏｒ ｍａｌｅｓ （ＯＲ，３．５１ ａｎｄ ３．８１ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ） ａｎｄ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ（ＯＲ，６．４１ ａｎｄ ３．８５ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ）． Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ａｐｐｒｏｖｉｎｇ ｐｒｅｍａｒｉｔａｌ ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ， ｔｈｅ ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅｓ ｒｅｊｅｃｔｉｎｇ ｐｒｅｍａｒｉｔａｌ ｓｅｘｕａｌ ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓ ｆｒｏｍ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ（ＯＲ＝０．１８） ａｎｄ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ（ＯＲ＝０．３７）， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ（ＯＲ＝０．４７）， ｗｅｒｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ｉｎ ｍａｌｅｓ， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｆｅｍａｌｅ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ ｉｔ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｎｏｔ ｇｏｏｄ ｂｕｔ ａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｌｅ（ＯＲ＝０．１４） ｏｒ ｏｐｐｏｓｅｄ（ＯＲ＝０．０６）， ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ ｉｔ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｕｎａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｌｅ （ＯＲ＝０．１６） ｏｒ ｕｎｋｎｏｗｎ （ＯＲ＝０．２１）， ｗｅｒｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｕｔｒａｌ ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ ｆｒｏｍ ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ ｗａｓ ｒｉｓｋ ｆａｃｔｏｒ（ＯＲ＝１２．５６） ｉｎ ｆｅｍａｌｅｓ． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ：Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｈｅｔｅｒｏｓｅｘｕａl and homosexual behaviors, and unsafe sexual behaviors, in those unmarried out-of-school young people were high, which were positively related to the pornographic material and the open attitudes from respondents themselves, parents and friends. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Contraceptive Use among Induced Abortion Women in Shanghai TANG Wen-juan;LI Xian-chen;CUI Yuan-qi;JIANG Wei;LOU Chao-hua;YU Chun-yan;WANG Zi-liang;ZHU Qian-qian;CHENG Yan 2015, 34 (1):  28-31.  Abstract ( 1426 )   PDF (596KB) ( 7686 )   Objective：To understand and analyze the situation of contraceptive use among women seeking abortions in Shanghai. Methods：The computer-assisted anonymous questionnaire was used to collect data among 1 261 women seeking abortions in 4 hospitals in Shanghai from August to October in 2013. Results：Nearly 60% of the respondents were under the age of 29 and 32.6% were unmarried. Over 50% of the respondents reported having abortion experiencｅｓ ｂｅｆｏｒｅ． Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｍａｒｒｉｅｄ ｗｏｍｅｎ， ｔｈｅ ｕｎｍａｒｒｉｅｄ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｈａｄ ａ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｕｎｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｅｒｃｏｕｒｓｅ（４８．０％ ｖｓ． ３３．９％） ａｎｄ ａ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｕｓｅ ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ（３８．６％ ｖｓ． ４７．８％）． Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ ｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ ｏｒ ｓｅｘｕａｌｌｙ ｉｎａｃｔｉｖｅ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｔｅｎｄｅｄ ｎｏｔ ｔｏ ｔａｋｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｍａｒｒｉｅｄ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔｓ， ａｎｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｈｏ ｗｅｒｅ ｙｏｕｎｇ， ｕｎｍａｒｒｉｅｄ， ｗｉｔｈ ａ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｉｎｃｏｍｅ ｏｒ ａ ｈistory of abortion were more likely to use emergency contraception. Conclusions：Young women with high proportion of repeated abortion constituted the majority of respondents in Shanghai. Two main factors of unwanted pregnancy are the low proportion of contraceptive use and the high proportion of failure use of contraceptives. It is important to strengthen the post-abortion care services and the contraceptive education, especially to teach them how to use contraceptives, because those induced abortion women were lack of contraceptive precaution or knowledge. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Post-abortion Care on Improving Contraceptive Use CHEN Jing;HOU Shu-ping;ZHU Wen-lei;LI Shu-min 2015, 34 (1):  32-37.  Abstract ( 1634 )   PDF (820KB) ( 7635 )   Objective：To evaluate the effects of postabortion care (PAC) on improving contraceptive use in those postabortion women. Methods：A prospective study wａｓ ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ ｔｏ ａｓｓｅｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｔａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｕｓｅ ｉｎ ６１１ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｓｅｅｋｉｎｇ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ， ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ ３０７ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ＰＡＣ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｎｄ ３０４ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ． Ｔｈｅ ａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｐｏｓｔａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅｓ， ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ａｆｔｅｒ ６ ｍｏｎｔｈｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：３５．５０％ ｏｆ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｃｈｏｓｅ ＩＵＤ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅｓ ａｆｔｅｒ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ， ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｃｏｕｎｓｅｌｉｎｇ， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｏｎｌｙ ｏｎｅ （０．３３％） ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｃｈｏｓｅ （χ２＝１２５．６９５，Ｐ＝０．０００）． ３５４ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ ｗｉｔｈ ｃｏｎｓｅｎｔ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ６ ｍｏｎｔｈ ｆｏｌｌｏｗ－ｕｐ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ， ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ １７３ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｎｄ １８１ ｗｏｍｅｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｒａｔｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ ＩＵＤ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ（９6．00％ ｖｓ． １００．０％， χ２＝０．０００，Ｐ＝１．０００）． Ｔｈｅ ａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ ｏｒａｌ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ（ＣＯＣ） ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ （１９．０８％ ｖｓ． ８．８４％， χ２＝６．９３６，Ｐ＝０．００８）， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ＣＯＣ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ （２４．２４％ ｖｓ． ８７．５％， χ２＝１４．９６６，Ｐ＝０．０００）． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ａ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ａｃｃｅｐｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｄｏｍ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｈｅｎ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ （７３．４８％ ｖｓ． ３７．５７％， χ２＝４４．８２８，Ｐ＝０．０００）， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔe ｏｆ ｃｏｎｄｏｍ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ（χ２＝０．０２３，Ｐ＝０．８８１）． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ （χ２＝０．５６４，Ｐ＝０．４５３）， ａｌｌ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｄｕｅ ｔｏ ｆａｉｌｉｎｇ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｄｏｍ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ only one case of IUD expulsion in the PAC group. Conclusions：Preabortion contraceptive counseling can significantly improve the application of immediate IUD in those postabortion women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Post-abortion Care on Psychological State and Contraception Right after Artificial Abortion among Unmarried Women SHI Jing-fang 2015, 34 (1):  38-40.  Abstract ( 1607 )   PDF (500KB) ( 7670 )   Objective：To explore the effect of post-abortion care on the psychological state and contraception right after artificial abortion among unmarried women. Methods：One hundred and twenty unmarried women of early pregnancy with painless artificial abortion were randomly assigned to two groups in this prospectively comparative study. Sixty cases in the cｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ， ａｎｄ ６０ ｃａｓｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｔ－ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｃａｒｅ（ＰＡＣ） ａｓ ｔｈｅ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ． Ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ ａｆｔｅｒ ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｄ， ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ａｎｘｉｅｔｙ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｐｒｅｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｐｏｓｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｌｆ－ｒａｔｉｎｇ ａｎｘｉｅｔｙ ｓｃａｌｅ （ＳＡＳ） ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎ ｓｃｏｒｅｓ ｏｆ ｐｒｅｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ ＳＡＳ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ（４７．８±８．３） ａｎｄ （４７．６±８．２）， ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ（Ｐ＞０．０５）． Ｔｈｅ ｍｅａｎ ｓｃｏｒｅ ｏｆ ｐｏｓｔｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅ ＳＡＳ ｉｎ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ（２８．２±４．７） ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ （４５．６±６．１） （ｔ＝１２．９０１，Ｐ＝０．０００）． Ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ ａｆｔｅｒ ｉｎｄｕｃｅｄ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ７８．３３％ ｉｎ ＰＡＣ ｇｒｏｕｐ， ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｈｉｇｈｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ （１１．６７％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕsions：PAC should be promoted for improving effective contraceptive application immediately after induced abortion and reducing anxiety among those unmarried women, which is beneficial to female reproductive health. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Infection of Common Vagina Pathogens in Women with Early Pregnancy before Abortion ZHANG Bu-mei;WANG Jian-mei;ZHANG Yu;HUO Yan;XIN Ya-wei;YIN Wen-jing 2015, 34 (1):  41-42.  Abstract ( 1549 )   PDF (415KB) ( 7712 )   Objective：To analyze the infection of common vagina pathogens and the clinical symptoms in those women with early pregnancy before abortion. Methods：A total of 2 270 women with early pregnancy were asked to test the vagina common pathogens of vaginal secretion before abortion in our hospital in 2013, using the bacterial vaginosis detection kit and vaginal secretions smear. The clinical symptoms, and the conditions of vulva, vagina and cervix, were recorded. Results：There were 897 ｃａｓｅｓ（３９．５２％） ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌ ｖａｇｉｎｏｓｉｓ， ５３２ ｃａｓｅｓ（５９．３１％） ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅｍ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ １２２ ｃａｓｅｓ（５．３７％） ｗｉｔｈ ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｖａｇｉｎｉｔｉｓ，９６ ｃａｓｅ （７８．６９％） ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅｍ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ６５ ｃａｓｅｓ （２．８６％） with ｔｒｉｃｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｖａｇｉｎｉｔｉｓ， ４７ ｃａｓｅｓ（７２．３１％） ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｓｙｍｐｔｏｍｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｂａｃｔｅｒｉａｌ ｖａｇｉｎｏｓｉｓ combined with candida or trichomonas was 4.23% （96/2 270） or 2.34% （53/2 270）, while the infection rate of three pathogens was 0.93% （21/2 270）. All cases with coinfection had positive symptoms. Conclusions：Part of vaginal infections in those women with early pregnancy may be asymptomatic, which suggests that the common pathogens should be tested before abortion so as to prevent the postoperative infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Educational Level and Folic Acid Supplementation in Child-bearing Chinese Women：A Meta-analysis WANG Hong-wei;MAO Qun-xia;LIU Qing 2015, 34 (1):  43-47.  Abstract ( 1442 )   PDF (1094KB) ( 7654 )   Objective：To investigate the relationship between the educational level of Chinese child-bearing women and their knowledge on supplementation of folic acid, by the Meta-analysis of the published data. Methods：Searches were done by using Pubmed (up to Apr. 19th, 2014) with English, and Sinomed, CNKI and VIP with Chinese. The search term combined with the keywords as follows: "folic acid", "pregnancy" and "China" was used to search English papers, while the search term combined with the keywords as: "folic acid" and "women" was used to search Chinese papers. Studies involved in this meta-analysis were defined as the observational study, including the information about the association between the educational level of child-bearing women and their knowledge and/or supplementation of folic acid. Only Chinese women were involved in the studies. Results：A total of 436 papers including 339 Chinese papers and 97 English papers were collected. After selection according to the criterion, a total of 15 eligible studies were remained in the Meta-analysis. Random effect models were used. Meta-analysis showed that the OR values and the related 95%CIs of the knowledge on folic acid were: 2.12 (1.65, 2.72) in those women with high school/technical secondary school education, 6.24 (4.24, 9.19) in those women with at least college education, when compared with those women with less than junior middle school education; and that the OR values and the related 95%CIs of the folic acid supplementation were 1.63 (1.39, 1.93) and 3.48 (2.35, 5.16) in two groups when compared analogously. Conclusions：The knowledge and supplementation of folic acid is related to their educational level in those Chinese child-bearing women. To prevent neural tube defects and to improve the health situation of Chinese women and children, it is necessary to enhance the health education on folic acid for those women with relatively less education. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between Pregnancy Rate of AID with Clomiphene Citrate and Follicle Size on hCG Day LIU Yu;FAN Rong-rong;SONG Ge;ZHONG Xiao-ying;CHEN Rui-ling;PAN Ping;JIANG Rong-hua;LI Qiu-hua;ZENG Li-ping 2015, 34 (1):  48-50.  Abstract ( 1489 )   PDF (521KB) ( 7608 )   Objective：To investigate the association between follicle size on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) day and clinical pregnancy rate in cycles with clomiphene citrate. Methods：212 infertile couples who accepted artificial insemination with donor semen treatment cycles were evaluated retrospectively in this study. They were divided into four groups according to the diameter of leading follicle on the day of hCG ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ： ｇｒｏｕｐ Ａ（１８-１９．５ ｍｍ）， ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｂ（２０-２１．５ ｍｍ）， ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｃ（２２-２３．５ ｍｍ） ａｎｄ ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｄ（ａｂｏｖｅ ２４ ｍｍ）． Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｒａｔｅｓ ｏｆ ｆｏｕｒ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｗｅｒｅ ２４．３９％， １４．２９％， １８．１８％ ａｎｄ ７．１４％． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｕｒ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ（Ｐ＞０．０５）． Ｃonclusions：There is not association between pregnancy rate of AID in cycles with clomiphene citrate and follicle size on hCG day according to our present study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Toxic Effect of Formaldehyde on Human First Trimester Cytotrophoblasts CAI Xiao-hui;LIN Qing 2015, 34 (1):  51-52.  Abstract ( 1527 )   PDF (346KB) ( 7645 )   Objective：To investigate the toxic effect of formaldehyde on the cellular viability and secretory function of human cytotrophoblasts at the first trimester stage. Methods：Human villi were obtained from nine patients undergoing abortion with the signed consent form. Cytotrophoblasts were extracted and cultured in vitro in medium, and then treated with formaldehyde（５0，100，150，200 μmol/L） for 48 hours. The cellular viability of cytotrophoblasts was determined with Cell Counting Kit （ＣＣＫ－８）， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｖｅｌ ｏｆ ｈｕｍａｎ ｃｈｏｒｉｏｎｉｃ ｇｏｎａｄｏｔｒｏｐｉｎ（ｈＣＧ） ｉｎ ｍｅｄｉｕｍ ｗａｓ ａｓｓａｙｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｒａｄｉｏｉｍｍｕｎｏａｓｓａｙ． ＤＭＥＭ/Ｆ１２ ｍｅｄｉｕｍ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Ｔｈｅ ｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒ ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｃｙｔｏｔｒｏｐｈｏｂｌａｓｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｗｉｔｈ ≥１００ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ｏｆ ｆｏｒｍａｌｄｅｈｙｄｅ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｇｒｏｕｐ （Ｐ＜０．０５）． Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｈＣＧ ｌｅｖｅｌｓ ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＞０．０５）． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕsions：Formaldehyde at a higher dosｅ （≥１００ μｍｏｌ/Ｌ） ｍａｙ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒ ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｃｙｔｏｔｒｏｐｈｏｂｌａｓｔｓ． Related Articles | Metrics

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Reproductive Health in Chinese Women：Current Status and Suggestion XU Zhu-ping;HAN Dai-hua;LIANG Yu-jie;WU Lin;XU Jian-guo;WANG Yang 2015, 34 (1):  53-55.  Abstract ( 1719 )   PDF (495KB) ( 7763 )   The reproductive health refers to keeping the physical, psychological and social adaptation in good condition at different stages of the whole life, which also involves the population control, sustainable development and women′s rights. Thus, the reproductive health was extensively attended by the international community. In 1995, WHO proposed the goal of "In 2015, universal access to reproductive health". However, due to the urban-rural dual structure, the situation of women reproductive health in China is not satisfactory, while differences of reproductive health level in different population are significant. We here reviewed the research progress of women′s reproductive health in different populations, including the status, knowledgement and services accessibility of reproductive health, and then proposed our reasonable suggestion. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Fertility Awareness-based Methods: A Review ZHANG Yan-ping;ZHANG Mei-hua;GAI Ling;YANG Dan-tong;WANG Lei-guang 2015, 34 (1):  56-59.  Abstract ( 1451 )   PDF (570KB) ( 7758 )   The fertility awareness-based methods（ＦＡＭｓ），a kind of natural family planning method, are often used to guide the pregnancy and contraception. FAMs are welcome by some people of childbearing age because of its pure natural, no side effect and no involvement with the moral and ethical problem. The failure rate of FAMs is about 1%-5%. FAMs are mainly applied in those pre-marital people and newly married couples in China. However, they don′t know much about FAMs, even those obstetrics and gynecology doctors, which leads to the improper use of FAMs and the high contraceptive failure rate. The mechanism, methods, and research progress of FAMs were reviewed in this paper, so as to promote the use of FAMs, to lower the unwanted pregnancy and to develop the reproductive health in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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SOCS3 Gene and Human Diseases LIU Zhong-hui;HAO Cui-fang 2015, 34 (1):  60-63.  Abstract ( 1592 )   PDF (548KB) ( 7695 )   Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3（ＳＯＣＳ３）， ａ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ｆｅｅｄｂａｃｋ ｆａｃｔｏｒ ｏｆ ｓｉｇｎａｌｉｎｇ ｐａｔｈｗａｙｓ ｏｆ ｍａｎｙ ｃｙｔｏｋｉｎｅｓ（ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｉｎｔｅｒｌｅｕｋｉｎｓ， ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｎｓ， ｔｕｍｏｒ ｎｅｃｒｏｓｉｓ ｆａｃｔｏｒ， ｅｔｃ．）， plays its suppressive roles mainly through activating the tyrosine kinase pathway and the JAK-STAT pathway. It was found that SOCS3 was involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, cancer, inflammatory, allergic reactions and many other diseases. So SOCS3 could be used as a molecular marker for the diagnosis and assessment of prognosis of those diseases, even as a potential target gene for some specific diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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P38αMAPK in the Female Reproductive System HU Shi-fu;XIA Wei;ZHU Chang-hong 2015, 34 (1):  64-68.  Abstract ( 1479 )   PDF (666KB) ( 7702 )   Mitogen-activated protein kinases（MAPK）, a kind of serine/threonine protein kinases conserved highly in long-term evolution of eukaryotes, play important roles in many organisms, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, cytoskeletal rearrangement and stress stimulation. P38MAPK is an important member of MAPK family, meanwhile P38α is the most important subtype of P38MAPK. It plays some important roles in the female reproductive system. When ovary was stimulated by internal hormones or external factors, the P38αMAPK signaling pathway was activated. After that, a variety of cellular factors were expressed, which regulated the growth and development of germ cells by regulating the granulosa cell development and oocyte meiotic events. Activating the P38αMAPK pathways of granulosa cell can regulate its secretion of hormones and cytokines，which contribute to the oocyte maturation. Since P38αMAPK may be involved in the process of oocyte meiosis, the downregulation of P38α may result in the reduced number of maturational oocytes or the aneuploid oocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Placental Perfusion Model and Its Application in the Study of Placental Material Transport ZHAO Li-ying;SONG Dian-rong 2015, 34 (1):  69-71.  Abstract ( 1507 )   PDF (542KB) ( 7628 )   Pregnant women generally take some medicine, which is the focus of attention on the drug safety during pregnancy. Multiple effects of drugs on pregnant outcomes include miscarriage, and fetal anomaly and death, because drugs can penetrate the placental barrier and result in fetal intrauterine exposure. The key factor to assess the fetal risk is the dose of fetal exposure, suggesting the degree of drug transport through placenta. It is important to study the placental transport for the clinical safe medication in pregnant women. The placental perfusion model is theoretically considered as the best model to simulate the placental material transport. It is also internationally recognized as the classical method in this area, without species differences and ethical issues. This model was introduced in detail in this review, including its design, development, identification, and application in studying the placental transport of some common drugs and nanometer materials. Because of the complexity during developing this model and some itself defects, it is necessary to develop new in vitro models of the placental material transport for guiding the clinical safe medication in pregnant women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of Some Genes in Human Cumulus Cell Related to Developmental Potential of Embryo BAO Xiao;XU Jia-wei;SUN Ying-pu 2015, 34 (1):  72-74.  Abstract ( 1454 )   PDF (416KB) ( 7646 )   One of the major challenges in in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) technology is lack of an objective, accurate, noninvasive criteria for evaluating the developmental potential of embryo. We reviewed here the expressions of those genes in cumulus cells related to the developmental potential of oocyte, suggesting that there was a close relationship between the expression of some specific genes in human cumulus cells and oocyte development, maturation, and embryo developmental potential. Recently, using qRT-PCR and microarray technologies, a series of candidate genes in cumulus and granulosa cells were found to be possible markers to predict the developmental potential of embryo, such as those genes related to cumulus expansion, lipid metabolism, cell apoptosis and other aspects, which could be useful to predict fertilization outcomes, embryo morphology and pregnant outcomes. However, the development of oocyte and embryo could be affected by various factors. It is necessary to do more detailed study to develop a accurate, comprehensive and non-invasive test for evaluating the developmental potential of oocyte and embryo. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between Endometriosis and Epigenetics & Enviromental Factors WU Xia-di;QU Juan;CUI Yu-gui;MAO Yun-dong 2015, 34 (1):  75-79.  Abstract ( 1509 )   PDF (618KB) ( 7619 )   Endometriosis（ＥＭｓ）, an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease, is still unclear in pathogenesis. More and more evidence proved that epigenetic characteristics of several genes were associated with EMs. Epigenetics is referred to the heritable genetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone covalent modification and chromatin conformation changes, which do not change DNA sequence. Epigenetic abnormality may trigger a series of pathological disorders including tumors. Hypomethylation of CpG islands in aromatase gene and（ｏｒ） trans-acting factor genes up-regulated the expression of aromatase mRNA in the ectopic tissues. Low expression of ERα and significantly high expression of ERβ were found in the ovarian ectopic epithelial and stromal cells, while high expressions of both PRα and PRβ in the eutopic cells. The promoter of steroidgenic factor-1（ＳＦ－１） was hypomethylation in ectopic cells, while it was hypermethylation in eutopic cells. In addition, the decreased expressions of both E-cadherin gene in ectopic tissues and homeobox A10 gene in eutopic tissues were also related to EMs. Environmental factors may be involved in EMs by epigenetic mechanism. This review summarized the roles of epigenetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of EMs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Autologous Ascites Reinfusion in Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome PEI Xue-ting;ZHOU Ping 2015, 34 (1):  80-82.  Abstract ( 1433 )   PDF (510KB) ( 7602 )   The reinfusion of autologous ascites is the operational process under very sterile as draining ascites from body, filtering out water, electrolyte, urea nitrogen, and so on, concentrating proteins and other macromolecular substances, and then infusing back into body. It has been widely used for treating intractable ascites of cirrhosis and malignant ascites as a way of albumin reuse. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome（ＯＨＳＳ）, a symptom occurring mainly in ovulation induction, is characterized by the bilateral ovarian enlargement, high vascular estrogen, ascites, electrolyte imbalance and oliguria. Serious OHSS may be accompanied by hepatic or/and renal failure, thromboembolism, or even death. Ascites is a common symptom of moderate or severe OHSS. Besides proteins and metabolic wastes, there are hormones and inflammatory factors in OHSS ascites, which means that infusing directly OHSS ascites may induce the conditional aggravation. The autologous reinfusion of OHSS ascites is rarely used at present. The application of autologous reinfusion of OHSS ascites was reviewed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome XU Yuan-yuan;LI Jia-rui 2015, 34 (1):  83-86.  Abstract ( 1635 )   PDF (569KB) ( 7587 )   As a common and complex endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenaemia and polycystic ovaries. The pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear. The clinical characteristics of familial aggregation suggest its genetic background, which promoted much molecular epidemiological study on finding candidate genes. Although more and more genes have been found to be related with the etiology of PCOS, there is not a gene which is predicatively related to PCOS pathogenesis at present because of duple heterogeneities of genotype and phenotypy, as well as the lack of large sample research. The article discussed the research progresses on the genetic mechanism of PCOS from several closely related genes, such as those genes related to insulin, androgen, gonadotropin, other ovary functions and adipose tissue. Related Articles | Metrics