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15 November 2014, Volume 33 Issue 6
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Expression of SET Protein in Testes of Mice at Different Developmental Stages DAI Xiao-nan;ZHU Qian;LIU Shan;SHAO Li;GAO Chao;GAO Li;LIU Jia-yin;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  405-409.  Abstract ( 1664 )   PDF (493KB) ( 7396 )   Objective：To explore the expression of SET protein in the testes of mice at different developmental stages, and to discuss its potential function in regulating spermatogenesis and androgen production. Methods：Forty-eight ICR male mice at different developmental stages (one week as the infancy group; 4 weeks as the prepubertal group; 12 weeks as the adult group; 12 months as the ageing group) were used in this study. Expression of SET protein in testes was observed by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of SET mRNA and protein were quantificationally analyzed by real time RT-PCR and western blot. Results：SET protein was expressed in spermatogonial cells and spermatocytes cells, the highest level of SET protein expression mainly showed in haploid and tetraploid sperm cells of 4 weeks mice and 12 weeks mice, and Leydig cells of 12 weeks and 1.2 months. Expression of SET mRNA in the prepubertal group was significantly higher than that in the infancy group （P=0.020）, while expression level of SET protein in the adult group was highest. Conclusions：SET protein expressed in spermatogonial cells and spermatocytes cells, and in haploid and tetraploid spermatogenic cells, which suggested that SET protein was involved in the deformation process of spermatocytes and sperm cells meiosis. SET was also expressed in Leydig cells, suggesting the possible role in testicular steroidogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Calretinin in Testes of Rats at Different Development Stages LIU Shan;XU Wen-dan;DAI Xiao-nan;WANG Jing;LUO Jian;GAO Chao;GAO Li;LIU Jia-yin;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  410-414.  Abstract ( 1558 )   PDF (516KB) ( 7411 )   Objective：Calretinin(CALB2), a calcium-binding protein, may be expressed in human testes, suggesting that CALB2 can play roles in regulating testicular functions. This study was designed to explore the different expression of CALB2 in the testes of rats at different development stags, and to discuss its role in regulating androgen production. Methods：The 3-4-week-old SD male rats as group A（the pre-sexual maturity, n=35），16-week-old as group B（the sexual maturity, n=16）， and over-12-month as group C（the older rats, n=10）were used in the study. Sera testosterone concentration was detected by radioimmunoassay（ＲＩＡ）.Cellular location of CALB2 in testes was observed by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of CALB2 mRNA and protein were quantificationally analyzed by qPCR and western blot. Results: CALB2 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells. Sera testosterone level was the lowest in the group A, and the highest in the group B（P＜0.05）. Compared to the group A and the group C, expressions of CALB2 were significantly increased（P＜0.05）. Conclusions: Calretinin is located in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells, and differently expressed in testes of rats at different development stages, which suggested that calretinin regulated testosterone production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Clusterin in Human Testicular Seminoma XU Ai-ming;LIU Bian-jiang;WANG Zeng-jun 2014, 33 (6):  415-417.  Abstract ( 1649 )   PDF (718KB) ( 7461 )   Objective：To explore the expression of clusterin in testicular seminoma tissues. Methods：Tumor tissues were collected from 13 patients with testicular seminoma, and normal testis tissues (as control group) from 16 patients undergoing surgical castration for prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to compare qualitatively the expression of clusterin in seminoma tissues and control. Real-time polymerase chain reaction（PCR） and western blot analysis were performed to detect quantificationally the expressions of clusterin mRNA and clusterin protein in two groups. Results：The expression of clusterin mRNA in testicular seminoma was significantly lower than that in control group（only 13% of normal tissue）. Analogously, the expression of clusterin protein in testicular seminoma was significantly lower than that in control group. Clusterin expression was mainly located in the Leydig cells, Sertoil cells and maturated spermatogenic cells of normal testes, while there was less expression in seminoma tissues. Conclusions：There were heterodimeric secretory isoforms of clusterin in testicular seminoma and normal testis. The expression of clusterin in testicular seminoma is significantly lowered. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Analysis on 41 Cases of Male Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism YANG Xiao-yu;LIU Jin-yong;SHU Li;ZHANG Wei;LIU Jia-yin;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  418-422.  Abstract ( 1751 )   PDF (550KB) ( 7420 )   Objective：To analyze the clinical characteristics of male idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism（IHH）, and to evaluate treatment outcome. Methods：41 infertile men diagnosed as IHH were recruited in this study, including 13 patients with kallmann syndrome and 7 patients with maldescended testes. 35 patients were treated with hCG 2 000 IU plus HMG 150 IU intramuscularly twice a week，for 3 to 24 months. 6 patients rejected treatment. Results：After treatment，all patients felt improved physical strength and increased sex drive，with the secondary sexual development in different degrees. In the 27 patients with treatment over 6 months，the testis volume[（7.1±2.9）mL vs.（9.1±3.9）mL]，FSH level[（1.2±0.8）IU/L vs.（2.0±0.8)IU/L] and testosterone level[（1.1±0.8）nmol/L vs.（12.5±2.7）nmol/L）]were higher significantly than those before treatment（P＜0.05）. 16 patients after treatment were found to have sperm in semen, and 11 patients achieved preganacy. Conclusions：The clinical characteristics of male patients with IHH was testicular dysfunction and infertility. Therapy with hCG plus HMG is efficiency，which can improve the development of second sexual characteristics, and help some patients to achieve eventually fertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of SET Protein on Androgen Production ZHU Qian;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  423-427.  Abstract ( 1685 )   PDF (600KB) ( 7414 )   SET protein is expressed in many tissues and cells, including central nervous system, steroidogenesis cells of adrenal gland and gonads (testis and ovary). SET protein is an intracellular factor with multiple functions, involved in those biological processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA replication, transcription, epigenetic regulation, oncogenesis and metastasis by many signal pathways. It was newly found that SET protein played a role in regulating androgen production in testis and ovary. SET protein down-regulated the activity of PP2A (did not affect the expression of PP2A), and up-regulated the expressions of CYP17A1 and HSD3β2, which promoted steroidogenesis in gonads. Many regulators of SET protein, such as CKⅡ and hnRNPA2, participated in the pathways of SET protein. CKⅡ enhances the inhibition of SET protein to PP2A activity by inducing phosphorylation of SET protein, while hnRNPA2 plays same role by the combination between its RNP1 sequence and SET protein. Related Articles | Metrics

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Testicular Steroidogenesis and Its Regulation XU Wen-dan;DAI Xiao-nan;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  428-432.  Abstract ( 1689 )   PDF (664KB) ( 7434 )   Testis as male gonad produces sperm and androgen. Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubule, while androgen in the interstitial cells (Leydig cells). Androgen plays important roles in male sexual differentiation, pubertal development, second sexual characteristics and maturation, and male fertility. Androgen production in Leydig cells is controlled by the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testis axis, through the LH-LHR-cAMP-PKA pathway. In fact, the intratesticular regulation, including paracrine, autocrine and intracellular secretion, is very important for regulating androgen production. Many intratesticular factors, such as prolactin, insulin, IGF-1, TGF-α and TGF-β, have been well expounded. Besides cAMP, Ca2+ is another important second messenger. It was found that calmodulin(s) played a role in regulating steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Local Factors Regulating Proliferation of Testicular Leydig Cells DAI Xiao-nan;XU Wen-dan;CUI Yu-gui 2014, 33 (6):  434-437.  Abstract ( 1482 )   PDF (599KB) ( 7454 )   Testicular Leydig cells are main tissular cells which produce and secret androgen. The fetal Leydig cells are differentiated from the interstitial precursor cells, and postnatal Leydig cells from mesenchymal stem cells. Adolescent Leydig cells are differentiated and proliferated from the pleuripotent interstitial precursor cells, at three discontinuous developmental stages of precursor Leydig cells, immature Leydig cells and mature Leydig cells. Differentiation and development of Leydig cells in fetal stage and postnatal stage are regulated by many factors. Developmental regulators of fetal Leydig cells include the sexual determination gene Y, neurocyte adhesion molecules, transforming growth factor（TGF） and anti-Müllerian hormorne（AMH）. Proliferation and maturation, as well as differentiation, of Leydig cells after birth are regulated by endocrine, autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, such as luteinizing hormone（LH）, intratesticular androgen, estrogen, insulin-like growth factor 1（IGF-1）, calretinin and many other local cytokines. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Advances in Spermiogenesis-Related Proteins HE Yi-pei;JI Ying-jie;HUANG Min;DING Zhi-de 2014, 33 (6):  438-442.  Abstract ( 1616 )   PDF (640KB) ( 7464 )   Spermiogenesis is the terminal differentiation process during which the round spermatid develops into the tadpole-shaped spermatozoon undergoing morphological changes, including the condensation of spermatid nucleus, the formation of acrosome and tail, the elimination of residual body and the transient appearance of manchette. Recently, with the development and application of new bio-techniques such as gene knockout, gene expression as well as gene functional analysis, many spermiogenesis-related genes and proteins have been unveiled. Some of those proteins were proved to play crucial roles in spermiogenesis. Herein, we reviewed the research advances in spermiogenesis-related proteins, including Golgi apparatus proteins, flagellum-related proteins and residual body-related proteins. Related Articles | Metrics

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Androgen Receptor and Reproductive Malignancies ZHENG Si-nian;FU Guang-bo 2014, 33 (6):  443-447.  Abstract ( 1514 )   PDF (648KB) ( 7450 )   Androgens，via the interaction with their receptors，play important roles in the control of cellular growth and differentiation. Androgen receptors（AR） is a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, the ligand-dependent transactivators. AR has two subtypes：AR-α and AR-β. AR expressed in numerous target tissues, normal and pathological tissues，such as reproductive malignancies. It has been suggested that AR played important roles in the development of reproductive malignancies by multiple pathways, and that AR may be a new treatment target of those cancers. We hereby reviewed the recent finding on the effects of androgen and AR on the carcinogenesis and development, as well as potential application of AR as a target in treatment of reproductive malignancies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Male Osteoporosis and Sexual Hormones ZUO Yue;ZHANG Ke-qin 2014, 33 (6):  448-451.  Abstract ( 1547 )   PDF (656KB) ( 7397 )   The incidence of male osteoporosis is rising year by year with the aging of the population. The serious consequence of osteoporosis is fracture. Bone tissue is very sensitive to sex hormones，which means the essential roles of sex hormones in the development of male skeleton. It has been shown that the estrogen transformed from androgen by aromatase plays more important roles in maintaining bone mass in men than androgen itself. Both serum free testosterone level and serum free estradiol level lowered little by little in middle and old aged men. Testosterone supplemental therapy （ＴＳＴ） ｉs advised for those men with the partial androgen deficiency in the aging male. The selective androgen receptor modulators may attenuate the side effects of TST. The selective estrogen receptor modulators have a protective effect on bone tissue. Those estrogen receptor modulators have been used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, suggesting that they could be used in male osteoporosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testes Axis CUI Zhao-hui;YANG Tao 2014, 33 (6):  452-454.  Abstract ( 1666 )   PDF (600KB) ( 7388 )   Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by a lack of insulin production in the beta cells of pancreas, which causes a variety of systemic disorders of the whole-body metabolism. It has been demonstrated that patients with type 1 diabetes have functional defects in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testes axis due to the lack of insulin. Insulin plays an important role in the reproductive system. The lack of insulin could result in the impaired spermatogenesis and clinical subfertility. Those patients with type 1 diabetes showed the insufficient sexual maturation and infertility related to the lack of leptin and its receptor. The lowered level of testosterone in those patients may also cause sexual dysfunction, loss of libido and erectile dysfunction. Besides the lowered levels of hormones, the sperm quality in those patients can be affected by type 1 diabetes and other factors. The effects of type 1 diabetes on male reproduction, especially hypothalamic-pituitary-testes axis, were hereby reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Diabetes Mellitus and Male Reproductive Endocrinology XU Zhi-peng;DAI Yu-tian 2014, 33 (6):  455-457.  Abstract ( 1777 )   PDF (693KB) ( 7544 )   Two functions of testis are sperm production and steroidogenesis. Those hormones related to male reproduction include testosterone，follicle stimulating hormone，luteinizing hormone，estradiol and prolactin. Diabetes mellitus（DM） is the metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia due to insufficient insulin，which is accompanied by metabolic disorders of fat，protein，water and electrolyte. More than 90% DM are type 2 diabetes（T2DM）. Long-term diabetes can lead to dysfunction and chronic damage in various tissues，especially in eye, kidney，heart，blood vessel and nerve. Male patients with DM are often accompanied with dysfunction of reproductive endocrinology. Androgen level in male DM patients is lower than that in normal men. The symptoms in those patients with lowered hormones include erectile dysfunction and loss of libido, while the metabolic disorders were aggravated by physiological and biochemical mechanisms. All those risk factors are related to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease（CHD）. We herein reviewed the dysfunction of male reproductive endocrinology in patients with DM，so as to provide reference for the treatment of diabetes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Chinese Traditional Medicine in Male Reproductive Endocrine Diseases SUN Da-lin;JIN Bao-fang 2014, 33 (6):  458-461.  Abstract ( 1475 )   PDF (778KB) ( 7495 )   Male reproductive endocrine disorders mainly manifest the abnormalities of hypothalamic- pituitary-testicular axis，in which testicular lesion is the central position because of testicular functions of androgen synthesis and sperm production. The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine that "the kidney essence leads reproduction" and "Liver leads dispersion", and that the "kidneys"，"tiangui" and "liver" were newly understood in Chinese medicine, is similar to the theoretical understanding on modern reproductive endocrinology. In recent years，Chinese medicine has been generally used in male reproductive endocrine disorders with a certain efficiency. In this paper，we reviewed the application of Chinese medicine in disorders of adolescent development (including precocious and delayed puberty)，late-onset hypogonadism and hyperprolactin?鄄 emia. We emphasized that "kidney" in Chinese medicine，the core of reproductive endocrinology，presides over reproduction which is similar to the reproductive axis. "Kidney Qi" and "kidney essence" predict the function of reproductive endocrinology and fertility. The methods of "reinforcing kidney" and "soothing liver" by regulating reproductive axis with Chinese medicine is the most common therapeutic methods to regulate androgen level. However, it is necessary in future to do more study on evidence-based medicine with large samples and intensive study on mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Relationship between DNA Methylation and Male Infertility WANG Lin-lin;XU Jia-wei;SUN Ying-pu 2014, 33 (6):  462-464.  Abstract ( 1580 )   PDF (657KB) ( 7431 )   Epigenetic changes are commonly found in those patients with server oligozoospermic and non-obstructive azoospermia. It was found that there was correlationship between the increased DNA methylationes of MTHFR, PAX8, NTF3, SFN, HRAS, JHM2DA, and the abnormal seminal parameters of those infertile patients. It is very important to regulate accurately the methylation and demethylation of those genes for individual development. Any tiny abnormality in DNA methylation could be related to many diseases, including male infertility. In this review, we explored some epigenetic pathogenesis of male infertility by introducing the normal DNA methylation of male germ cell and discussing the relationship between abnormal DNA methylation and male infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Association between Seminal Vesicle and Male Infertility XU Ai-ming;WANG Zeng-jun 2014, 33 (6):  465-468.  Abstract ( 1717 )   PDF (718KB) ( 7385 )   Seminal vesicles, as an essential affiliated sexual gland, are important for male reproduction. Seminal vesicles can secrete various substances and factors, such as fructose, ascorbic, agglutinin, prostaglandin, etc. Prostaglandin and many proteins are necessary for seminal coagulum, seminal viscosity, the stability of sperm DNA and antioxidative reactions. Seminal vesicle dysplasia and disorders such as seminal vesiculitis, seminal vesicle cysts, etc., will result in male infertility. The seminal vesiculoscopy has been widely used in those diseases related to seminal vesicle, which provides a new strategy for clinical diagnose and treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Efficacy of Mirena Comparing with Thermal Balloon Endometrial Abliation for Menorrhagia：a Meta-Analysis JIANG Zhi-feng;CHEN Chang-yi;FENG Li-min 2014, 33 (6):  469-474.  Abstract ( 1841 )   PDF (918KB) ( 7384 )   Objective：To compare the clinical efficacy of Mirena with the thermal balloon endometrial ablation for menorrhagia treatment. Methods： The well-known databases in both English and Chinese were retrieved. The randomized controlled trials of Mirena and the thermal balloon endometrial ablation were included after evaluating the quality of methodology. Revman 5.2 software was then used to do statistics. Results：There were not statistical differences in the effective rate, the failure rate and the patient satisfaction between two methods. The incidence of postoperative complications and the direct medical cost in the Mirena group were significantly lower than those in the thermal balloon endometrial ablation group （P＜0.05）. Conclusions：Mirena is safe and effective for patients with menorrhagia. Compared with the thermal balloon endometrial ablation, Mirena is a better alternative method as the conservative treatment for menorrhagia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Penyanxiao Clysis Fluid on Hemorheology in Rabbit Model with Microcirculation Disorder FU Zheng-ying;YUE Xiu-ying;CHEN Ning 2014, 33 (6):  475-477.  Abstract ( 1485 )   PDF (755KB) ( 7377 )   Objective：To observe the effects of Penyanxiao clysis fluid on hemorheology in the rabbit model with microcirculation disorder. Methods：Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups as follows, the control group, the model group, the low-dose treatment group（treated with clysis fluid 5.0 g/kg)，the high-dose treatment group (treated with clysis fluid 10.0 g/kg） and the Chuanxiongqin group as positive control. The rabbit model was developed with the macromolecule dextran. The blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were tested using the FASCO-300 automatic monitor, HCT was detected by the Venturi method, the blood sedimentation by the Wintrobe method, and the hemorheological index was then calculated. Results：Compared with the model group, two treatment groups had the decreased blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and the whole blood reductive viscosity（Ｐ＜０．０１）. The cell aggregation and thrombosis were reduced, and the erythrocyte deformation index and HCT improved, which suggested the therapeutical effects of Penyanxiao clysis fluid with dose-dependence on the microcirculation disorder induced by macromolecule dextran. The erythrocyte deformation index in the low-dose treatment group was better than that in the Chuanxiongqin group（Ｐ＜０．０１）. Conclusions：Penyanxiao clysis fluid can significantly improve the microcirculation and hemorheological indexes in the rabbit model with microcirculation disorder. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chromosome Karyotype Analysis of Umbilical Blood Samples in 2 036 Newborns YANG Hui-xin;FENG Ji-zhen;WEI Shu-yan;LI Tian-jie;JIA Li-yun;FAN Hong-fang;LI Yang 2014, 33 (6):  478-480.  Abstract ( 1637 )   PDF (775KB) ( 7388 )   Objective：To evaluate the clinical application of the chromosome karyotype of umbilical blood samples in genetic diagnosis. Methods：To analyze retrospectively the data of chromosome karyotype of umbilical blood samples in 2 036 newborns in our hospital from June to December 2013. The chromosome specimen was prepared by the method of conventional peripheral blood lymphocytes culture. Karyotype was analyzed by the G-banding technique. Results：Totally，there were 16 cases（0.79%） of chromosome abnormalities in 2 036 cases，including 13 cases（0.64%） with autosomal abnormalities and 3 cases（0.15%） with sex chromosome abnormalities. There were 3 cases of 21-trisomy（0.15%），a terminal deletion（0.05%），3 cases of inversion（0.15%），a balanced translocation（0.05%），3 cases of Robertsonian translocation（0.15%） and two cases of marker chromosome（0.10%） in those autosomal abnormalities. There were 2 cases of 47，XYY（0.10%） and a 46，XX，del（X）（0.05%） in those sex chromosome abnormalities. There were also 181 cases（8.89%） of polymorphic variation karyotypes. Conclusions：We can increase the rate of prenatal diagnosis by improving the prenatal education. Those newborns should be diagnosed early in neonatal phase if pregnant women with high risks did not get prenatal diagnosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Sperm Head Vacuoles on Outcome of in Vitro Fertilization LI Xue-yu;ZHANG Bo;FENG Gui-xue 2014, 33 (6):  481-484.  Abstract ( 1900 )   PDF (797KB) ( 7383 )   The motile sperm organelle morphology examination（MSOME），a morphological analysis of isolated motile spermatozoa in real-time at more than 6 000 times magnification，can help embryologist to select those sperms with normal morphology for intracytoplasmic sperm injection（ICSI）. MOSME is a very special method to identify sperm head vacuoles. What are sperm vacuoles? Whether may sperm vacuoles influence the outcome of ART? This article reviewed those characteristics of sperm vacuoles as follows：①Vacuoles were commonly found in sperm head; ②Vacuoles were distributed more frequently in the anteromedian region of sperm head; ③There were different types of vacuoles; ④The origin of sperm vacuoles was still unsure; ⑤There were correlation in a certain extent between sperm vacuoles and routine semen parameters. It was found，although unasserted，that sperm vacuoles were positively correlated with abnormal chromatin condensation，DNA fragmentation rate，and aneuploid rate; ⑥Spern vacuoles could lead to the lowed fertilization rate，the lowed rate of high-qualified embryo，and the lowed rate of clinical pregnancy specially. Related Articles | Metrics

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Free Contraceptive Supply Service: Mode Change and Application SONG Guo-yan;DONG Gui-ping 2014, 33 (6):  485-487.  Abstract ( 1537 )   PDF (764KB) ( 7409 )   China is a country with a large population, so the distribution of free contraceptives played an important role in controlling the growth of population. The traditional distribution model, the artificial method, was oriented to "married women of childbearing age", which promoted the development and progress of family planning. With the development of society, the traditional distribution mode can′t already satisfy people′s needs because many new problems emerged, such as adolescent sex education, premarital sex and cohabitation, and contraception of floating population. Modern issuing modes were developed, the self-help model by mobile phone, internet, and telephone hotline etc, can distribute those free contraceptives by the logistics and door-to-door express. And also, the self-service terminal of contraceptives was arranged in the densely populated area, free contraceptives can easily get by the two-generation identity card. The application of information technology played roles in the supervision, management and guidance for the contraceptive distribution, which is a new developing direction in the contraceptive distribution. Well-education is key for this work, to ensure the effective implementation of contraceptives. Related Articles | Metrics