Table of Content

15 March 2021, Volume 40 Issue 2
Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
Original Article
Case Report
Review


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Original Article

Select

Effect of Estrogen Starting Time on the Outcome of Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer in Hormone Replacement Treatment after GnRHa Down Regulation XING Ya-chun, SU Yan, ZHAO Chun, LI Xin, LING Xiu-feng 2021, 40 (2):  89-92.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200355 Abstract ( 2266 )   HTML ( 703 )   PDF (790KB) ( 9393 )   Objective: To study the effect of estrogen starting time on the outcome of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in hormone replacement treatment (HRT) after GnRHa down regulation. Methods: The 436 cycles of FET with GnRHa down regulation + HRT protocol were studied retrospectively. According to the rising or falling trend of serum estrogen level (E2) before the start of estrogen, these cycles were divided into two groups. Group A: E2 showed an upward trend before estrogen starting, 262 cycles; Group B, E2 showed a downward trend before estrogen starting, 174 cycles. The baseline characteristics, clinical indicators after down regulation and pregnancy outcome between the two groups were compared. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics such as age, body mass index (BMI), years of infertility, and baseline of serum hormone between the two groups (P>0.05). The average days of estrogen use and the amount of estrogen in the group A were significantly lower than those in the group B (both P<0.05). The early miscarriage rate in the group A was lower than that in the group B (P<0.05). Conclusions: During the GnRHa down regulation + HRT cycles, estrogen starting when the level of serum estrogen shows an upward trend can shorten the using days of exogenous estrogen, save the amount of exogenous estrogen, decrease early miscarriage, and improve the pregnancy outcome in the end. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Jinfeng Pill Combined with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Improved Endometrial Receptivity in Patients with Thin-Endometrial Infertility LIU Shan, XIE Kai-hui, WEI Rui-xia, CONG Xing, FENG Xiao-ye, WU Yuan-yuan, YANG Bo 2021, 40 (2):  93-97.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200337 Abstract ( 4986 )   HTML ( 104 )   PDF (1661KB) ( 9253 )   Objective: To observe the clinical effect of Jinfeng Pill combined with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on endometrial receptivity in patients with thin endometrium and infertility. Methods: 80 infertile patients with thin endometrium in the department of reproductive medicine of our hospital from December 2018 to December 2019 were included. The patients with thin endometrial infertility were treated with Jinfeng Wan and recombinant human growth hormone (40 cases) in the observation group, and only routinely treated (40 cases) in the control group. Endometrial thickness, endometrial typing, subendometrial blood flow, clinical pregnancy rate, and abortion rate were compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the age of egg retrieval, infertility, body mass index (BMI), basic follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), number of embryo transfers, embryo transfer, and the endometrial type, subendometrial blood flow type, endometrial thickness before treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). The endometrial thickness of the observation group was higher than that of the control group on the day of transplantation, and the pregnancy rates of type A and type B endometrial patients were higher than that of type C endometrial patients. The pregnancy rate of patients with type II and type III endometrial blood flow was higher than that of patients with type I endometrial blood flow (P<0.05). The clinical pregnancy rate was higher and the miscarriage rate lower in the observation group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Jinfeng Pill combined with rhGH can improve endometrial receptivity in patients with thin-endometrial infertility, thereby increase clinical pregnancy rate and improve pregnancy outcomes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Clinical Outcomes of IVF/ICSI-ET in Patients with Scared Uterus after Cesarean Section QIN Xi, ZHANG Fan, QIN Mei, FAN Li, WEI Xiao-hua 2021, 40 (2):  98-101.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200463 Abstract ( 2034 )   HTML ( 73 )   PDF (848KB) ( 9378 )   Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes of IVF/ICSI-ET in patients with or without scared uterus after cesarean sections. Methods：A total of 3 331 cycles of IVF/ICSI treatment during Jan 2016 to Dec 2018 were recruited in this retrospective study. They were divided into two groups: the cycles in group A had histories of cesarean sections (n=249),the cycles in group B were nulliparous or had histories of vaginal delivery (n=3 082). The overall clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups, and the pregnancy outcomes after blastocyst transfer or cleavage stage embryo transfer were also compared. Results: There were no significant differences in the rate of high quality embryo transferred, embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, live birth rate, multiple pregnancy rate between the two groups when the blastocyst or single cleavage stage embryo was transferred (all P>0.05), but the preterm delivery rate was significant higher in group A（P<0.05）. The rate of high quality embryo transferred, embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate, multiple pregnancy rate were significant lower in group A than those in group B when double cleavage stage embryos were transferred (all P<0.05), but the ectopic pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, and preterm delivery rate were similar in the two groups（all P>0.05）. Conclusions:The clinical outcomes of IVF/ICSI-ET treatment are similar between the patients with or without scared uterus when single embryo is transferred,except an increased rate of preterm delivery in patients with scared uterus. It is necessary to study further the clinical outcomes of double embryos transfer in those patients with scared uterus. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of Chewing Gum on Gastrointestinal Function after Cesarean Section：A Meta-Analysis JIANG Tong-can, WANG Pei-ru, TAO Feng, CHEN Hong-bo 2021, 40 (2):  102-110.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200482 Abstract ( 2598 )   HTML ( 54 )   PDF (2312KB) ( 9105 )   Objective: To evaluate the effect of chewing gum on the gastrointestinal function after cesarean section by meta-analysis. Methods: We electronically searched databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Weipu Database (VIP), Wanfang Database and China National Knowledge (CNKI) for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on chewing gum and gastrointestinal function recovery after cesarean section. Based on literature screening, data extraction and inclusion were analyzed using Stata 14.0 software after the quality evaluation of literatures. Results: A total of 27 RCTs were included, including 6 Chinese literatures and 21 English literatures, involving 4 008 patients, including 1 983 in the experimental group and 2 025 in the control group. The bowel sound after operation was effectively promoted in the experiment group when compared with the control group (WMD=-5.30, 95%CI: -7.14--3.46, P<0.000 1), and the gastrointestinal peristalsis recovery also improved (SMD=-3.82, 95%CI: -5.15--2.49, P<0.000 1). Two times of anal exhaust (WMD=-6.90, 95%CI: -8.96--4.85, P<0.000 1) and defecation (WMD=-7.64, 95%CI: -10.59--4.69, P<0.000 1) were significantly shorter in the experiment group. More significantly, the incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction was decreased (RR=0.15, 95%CI: 0.10-0.22,P<0.000 1), and the hospitalization time was shortened in the experiment group when compared with the control group (SMD=-0.73, 95%CI: -1.11--0.34, P<0.000 1). Conclusions: Chewing gum after cesarean section can effectively promote the early recovery of gastrointestinal motility function, although the heterogeneity of the included studies is obvious. In the future, more standardized, multi-center, large-sample and high-quality clinical studies are needed for further verification. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Clinical Application of the Hysteroscopy Combined with Laparoscopy and Ultrasound in Treatment of Non-Ruptured and Evagination Type Cornual Pregnancy ZHANG Bo, MENG Ge, FANG Rui-juan 2021, 40 (2):  111-114.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200392 Abstract ( 2263 )   HTML ( 43 )   PDF (774KB) ( 9296 )   Objective: To evaluate the value of the hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy and ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of non-ruptured and evagination type cornual pregnancy. Methods: The clinical data of 36 patients with non-ruptured and evagination type cornual pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed, who were treated by the hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy and ultrasound in our hospital from July 2013 to July 2019. Results: The one-time operation processing was completed in 36 cases, including 31 cases with the hysteroscopic resection of embryo and uterine aspiration guided by laparoscopy and ultrasound. There was none of metrorrhexis during the operation. The operation time of above 31 patients was 50(35, 70) min (varied from 30 min to 110 min), and the amount of blood loss 50(21, 58) mL (ranged from 15 mL to 100 mL). Five patients were treated by the laparoscopic cornua uteri dissection and removing embryo or cornua uteri wedge resection and unilateral salpingectomy, because the majority of pregnant tissue was unable to be removed by uterine aspiration and hysteroscopic surgery. The operation time of 5 patients was (91±21) min (varied from 70 min to 130 min), and the amount of blood loss (94±56) mL (ranged from 40 mL to 200 mL). The level of serum hCG returned to the normal range in 2 months after surgery. Conclusions: The hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy and ultrasound is a minimally invasive, safe and effective method in treating the non-ruptured and evagination type cornual pregnancy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Report

Select

A Case Report of Cornual Heterotopic Pregnancy Remained Pregnancy Residue on Uterine Angle after Laparoscopic Surgery CHEN Li, LYU Jiang-tao, HAO Li-juan, SUN Wen-jie 2021, 40 (2):  115-117.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200331 Abstract ( 2286 )   HTML ( 81 )   PDF (2242KB) ( 9319 )   Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a pathological pregnancy defined as the coexistent intrauterine and cornual heterotopic pregnancy (CHP), which is a rare type that can cause serious harm to both the intrauterine pregnancy and mother. The treatment of CHP was not completely unified, including expected treatment, fetal reduction and surgical treatment. In May 2018, a patient with CHP was diagnosed in our hospital by three-dimensional ultrasound at 27 days after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Laparoscopic surgery was performed at 37 days to remove the horn pregnancy, but ultrasound showed the pregnancy residue on cornua uteri after surgery. The live birth of intrauterine pregnancy and good maternal outcome were finally obtained. This case suggested that the advantages and disadvantages of various treatments should be carefully considered, and that those patients should be closely following up during pregnancy, in order to achieve good maternal and fetal outcomes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Cotyledonoid Hydropic Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Case Report LIU Xiao-hui, JIANG Meng-xue, YU Jing-jing, ZHANG Shi-kai, ZHI Li, TIAN Geng 2021, 40 (2):  118-120.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200413 Abstract ( 2120 )   HTML ( 56 )   PDF (2250KB) ( 9359 )   The cotyledonoid hydropic intravenous leiomyomatosis (CHIL) is a rare benign uterine leiomyomatosis that involves the vessels of cotyledonoid dissecting leiomyoma of the uterus (CDLU). It may also be characterised by intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL). The auxiliary examination mainly showed the appearance of low-echo light mass in the uterine wall and the rich blood flow. The exploratory laparotomy showed the uterine fibroids with rich blood circulation and soft grayish red like placental lobules. During the myoma elimination, some small vessels could be seriously damaged by myomas, and the slender myoma-like lesions could be brought out from the small vessels. We report a case of CHIL, review the literatures and summarize the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, so as to guide the clinical practice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review

Select

Precision Medicine in the Field of Assisted Reproduction LANG Peng, SHI Xiao-dan, ZHANG Jun-qiang 2021, 40 (2):  121-125.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200412 Abstract ( 2262 )   HTML ( 163 )   PDF (821KB) ( 9300 )   Precision medicine and its advanced technologies have promoted the development of reproductive medicine. The high-throughput sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), proteomics technology have been successfully used in the etiological diagnosis of infertility, the detection of genetic disease and the pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) in clinical practice, and the single-celled whole genome amplification (eWGA), biological big data analysis and so on have been also applied in the research of human gamete and early embryo development in recent years. For example, 11 loci and 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by GWAS, which are strongly correlated with PCOS. When eWGA is applied to PGT, the whole genome information of the egg itself can be deduced by analyzing a single cell obtained from the pre-implantation embryo, so as to reduce the birth with congenital genetic defects and to reduce the iatrogenic risk of assisted reproduction. The artificial intelligence-assisted (AI) method for oocyte or embryo selection during in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer are showing increasing its advantages. This paper reviews the application of precision medicine in assisted reproduction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Male Infertility Associated with Three Kinds of Respiratory Diseases LIU Cai-zhao, WANG Jia-xiong, FAN Cai-bin, YANG Shen-min 2021, 40 (2):  126-130.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200389 Abstract ( 2174 )   HTML ( 45 )   PDF (764KB) ( 9202 )   Male infertility is a complex clinical syndrome. Any disease that interferes with male reproductive function may lead to male infertility, which complicates the etiological diagnosis of male infertility in clinical practice. There are similar ultrastructures between the cilia of respiratory system epithelium and the flagellum of male sperm. The dysfunction of cilia and flagellum will affect the clearance function of respiratory tract mucosa and sperm movement. In addition, some of genetic defects can also lead to abnormal function of respiratory system and male reproductive system. Three kinds of respiratory diseases affecting male fertility were primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis and Young′s syndrome. This review introduceds the main clinical characteristics of these diseases and analyzed the differences between the clinical manifestations of respiratory system and reproductive system, which will strengthen the understanding of these diseases. It is suggested that clinicians should routinely inquire about the history of respiratory system for patients with severe asthenospermia, and about the reproductive problem for those patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Animal Model of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency FU Yu-jie, SUN Xiao-yan, ZHANG Xue-hong 2021, 40 (2):  131-136.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200406 Abstract ( 2330 )   HTML ( 48 )   PDF (821KB) ( 9817 )   The childbearing time of woman has been postponed and the willingness decreased, with a large trend. However, female fertility decrease is earlier than the body physiological senescence, and ovarian reserve remarkably declines from the age of 35. Premature ovarian inscufficiency (POI) is a clinical syndrome of decreased ovarian function before the age of 40, which is characterized by menstrual disorder with high gonadotropin and low estrogen level. It is true that POI affects the physical and mental health of women. At present, the mechanism of POI is not clear. The POI animal model is the basis of the research, and the preparation ways of different models are different. This article reviews the preparation methods, characteristics and judgment criteria of common rodent animal models of POI, such as the models of immune, chemoradiotherapy, continuous ovarian stimulation, D-galactose induction and gene editing. These models provide practical tools for researchers to explore the pathogenesis of POI and to develop new therapeutic ways. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Advances in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency CHENG Ming, JIA Chan-wei, LIU Ying 2021, 40 (2):  137-141.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200169 Abstract ( 2328 )   HTML ( 75 )   PDF (836KB) ( 9378 )   Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by the decline of ovarian function before the age of 40 years, with severe influence on the physical and mental health of women of childbearing age. The etiology of most POIs remains unclear, which currently includes genetic factors, immunological factors and iatrogenic factors. POI patients have the reduced fertility. It is not enough to improve symptoms by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, there is no effective treatment so far, especially in terms of fertility preservation. In recent years, assisted reproductive technology has provided certain treatments for POI patients with fertility needs. In addition, the frozen ovarian tissue transplantation and stem cell transplantation may be the new options. This review will describe the progress of clinical diagnosis and treatment of POI. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research Progress on PGC-1α in Ovary GE Ting, YANG Xiao-kui 2021, 40 (2):  142-146.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200254 Abstract ( 2263 )   HTML ( 42 )   PDF (786KB) ( 9388 )   Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), an important nuclear transcription coactivator, is a key regulator of mitochondrial production. PGC-1α is involved in various biological processes such as mitochondrial biosynthesis, adaptive thermogenesis, energy metabolism, apoptosis induction, cellular signal transduction and tumorigenesis through interaction with nuclear receptors and transcription factors. In recent years, many studies have shown that PGC-1α participats in the follicular development and atresia, and ovarian hormones synthesis and secretion. The abnormal expression of PGC-1α can result in reproductive and endocrine problems and disorder, such as diminished ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian neoplasms. With the continuous in-depth study, the mechanism of PGC-1α in the regulation of ovarian function will be discovered. This review briefly summarized the function of PGC-1α in ovary and research progress, which may provide new reference for the diagnosis and treatment of some ovarian diseases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Advances in Immune Factors of Recurrent Implantation Failure ZHOU Yu-xi, XIE Qi-jun, SHEN Rong, LING Xiu-feng, ZHAO Chun 2021, 40 (2):  147-152.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200352 Abstract ( 2203 )   HTML ( 82 )   PDF (865KB) ( 9267 )   With the development of assisted reproductive technology, the pregnancy rate has been increasing year by year, but some patients still suffer from recurrent implantation failure (RIF). To some extent RIF is a limiting factor of the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The mechanism of RIF is still unclear, and common causes include the defects in embryo quality, the decreased endometrial receptivity and so on. Pregnancy is a process in which "allograft" embryos invade the endometrium. With the development of reproductive immunology, people pay more and more attention to the significant role of immune factors in RIF. The immune events in maternal-fetal interface during early pregnancy are extremely complex, involving a large number of immune cells and molecules. There is also a close relationship between the IVF/ICSI outcome and autoimmune antibody. A growing number of studies have shown that immunological factors may be the main cause of RIF with unknown causes. This article summarizes the immunological factors of RIF and the common immunotherapy for RIF. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Candidate Genes Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome MA Li-na, MA Hong-li, GAO Jing-shu, WU Xiao-ke 2021, 40 (2):  153-156.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200465 Abstract ( 2264 )   HTML ( 44 )   PDF (923KB) ( 9306 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia, oligo/anovulation, polycystic ovary and fertility decline. The exact etiology and pathological mechanism are not clear. More and more studies have showed that genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, and that PCOS may be a polygenic genetic disease. The pathogenesis of PCOS is the result of the interaction between some genetic factors and environmental factors. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the susceptibility genes of PCOS so as to explore the pathogenesis and prevention of PCOS. In this paper, we review the research progress of PCOS candidate genes, mainly including those susceptible genes related to androgen biosynthesis, reserve and function, gonadal dysfunction, insulin resistance (IR), obesity and chronic inflammation. This review may provide new ideas for the etiology, pathological mechanism and targeted treatment of PCOS. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Progress in the Treatment of Thin Endometrium LIU Yi-tong, ZHOU Shu 2021, 40 (2):  157-162.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200274 Abstract ( 2335 )   HTML ( 42 )   PDF (796KB) ( 9341 )   According to the pathological etiology of thin endometrium, this paper expounds the pathogenesis and the clinical treatment methods based on a large number of clinical data, case reports and relevant references. The brief principle, clinical efficacy and related side effects of treatment are also included. On the base of the current research progress and new diagnosis and treatment ideas, the possibility of regenerative medicine is filed a discussion. The functional principle and clinical feasibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and endometrial stem cells (EDSCs) are mainly discussed, including their clinical feasibility and the limitations, which show us a new hot of further study. This review provides useful reference for clinical treatment of thin endometrium in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Severe Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Pregnant Women ZHANG Jia-ying, LING Li 2021, 40 (2):  163-166.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200448 Abstract ( 2195 )   HTML ( 55 )   PDF (762KB) ( 9363 )   Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in pregnancy is an autoimmune disease, which is the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in early pregnancy. Due to the specific binding of antiplatelet antibodies in maternal plasma to platelets and the deficiency of T cells gene expression, the megakaryocyte maturation disorder, increased platelet destruction and insufficient production are induced. However, the exact pathogenesis is not clear yet. Severe ITP increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes of mothers and infants, such as spontaneous haemorrhage during pregnancy, anemia, postpartum hemorrhage, premature birth and neonatal thrombocytopenia. At present, it is difficult to deal with severe ITP. The first-line treatment is mainly oral corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. When the first-line treatment fails, the effective second-line treatment and timely obstetric treatment will be particularly important, for example, splenectomy, platelet transfusion and thrombopoietin drugs, etc. This review summarized the pathogenesis, treatment and the maternal and infant outcomes of severe ITP during pregnancy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Pregnancy Associated with Ovarian Tumors XIN Yu-qi, WANG Xiao-hui 2021, 40 (2):  167-171.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200321 Abstract ( 1965 )   HTML ( 38 )   PDF (822KB) ( 8955 )   Pregnancy associated with ovarian tumors (POT) is one of the most complications of pregnancy. With the application of ultrasound in prenatal examination, more and more POT has been diagnosed during pregnancy. POT is mostly a functional cyst that discovered by chance during pregnancy and resolved spontaneously. The incidence of malignant POT is 1%-6%, among which disgerminoma is the most common. Most of POT have no specific clinical symptoms, while a few of POT can rupture, twist and so on with acute abdomen. There are various clinical diagnosis methods. Ultrasound examination is usually the first choice for imaging examination. Tumor markers can help to assess the potential malignant risk. At present, there is no standardized diagnosis and treatment guideline of POT. Both maternal and fetal factors should be taken into consideration in treatment. Clinicians should make the individual plan for each POT patient according to her gestational week, tumor type, disease stage, etc. Due to the advantages of less bleeding and faster recovery, laparoscopic surgery is preferred. This article reviews the progress of POT diagnosis and treatment in order to provide reference for clinical work. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research Progress of Tumor Immunotherapy in Endometrial Cancer ZHU Meng-di, ZHAO Guo-yun, YUAN Jing, SUN Yu-hui 2021, 40 (2):  172-176.  doi: 10.12280/gjszjk.20200409 Abstract ( 2585 )   HTML ( 34 )   PDF (753KB) ( 9264 )   Tumor immunotherapy is a new therapy to inhibit and kill tumor by restarting and maintaining the immune function damaged in the process of tumor occurrence and development,with the advantages of small adverse reaction, high specificity, wide killing spectrum and low recurrence rate. Endometrial cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in female reproductive system, and the incidence rate is on the rise and tends to be younger. It is a serious threat to the health of women. At present, many tumor immunotherapies have been used in clinical practice or clinical trial of endometrial cancer, including immunosuppressive checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and tumor vaccine, with the great progress. However, its clinical application is still hindered by the low response rate and drug resistance. It is of great significance to find more efficient tumor immunotherapy for the treatment of endometrial cancer. This article reviews the research progress of tumor immunotherapy in endometrial cancer, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of endometrial cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics