Abstract: Prenatal brain damage is the results of coaction of many factors，which can induce pathological action of central nervous system and neuropathological changes. Those infants and children may have deficiencies or disorders of learning and memory，behavior and movement audio-visual ability and
congnition after birth. The mechanism of perinatal brain damage on neurological development after birth is unidentified yet. It could be related to pathophysiologic changes of cerebral tissue，unbalance of receptors and receptor-related channels of nervous system and malajustment of cerebral cytokines：decrease of cerebral cell，injury of cerebral white matter，decrease of the weight of hippocampal area and overload of endocellular calcium, which are the main pathophysilolgic changes of cerebral tissue; the expression of NMDA receptor，dopamine receptor and glucocorticoid receptor may change; cerebral cytokines and BDNF may have unbalanced environment, and abnormal elevated levels of NSE at birth as well as progressive increase of PS-100 could be found in the newborns during the first week of life.

Key words: Prenatal period, Brain damage, Neurological development, Infants, Children