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15 November 2009, Volume 28 Issue 6
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Matters of Diagnosis and Systematic Treatment of Male Infertility CHEN Zhen-wen 2009, 28 (6):  351-354.  Abstract ( 2741 )   PDF (294KB) ( 7051 )   Accurate and standard diagnosis is crucial in the treatment of male infertility. Diagnosis of male infertility, including disease diagnosis, pathological diagnosis and etiological diagnosis, should be based on overall and thorough history-taking, physical examination and auxiliary examination. Individual therapy should be administered according to diagnosis of infertility to increase probability of natural or assisted pregnancy. Matters about diagnosis and treatment of male infertility were reviewed in this artical, especially indications and security risk of assisted reproduction technology in the treatment of male infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mitochondrial Function and Sperm Motility ZHOU Xiu-fen;JIANG Hong 2009, 28 (6):  355-357.  Abstract ( 2799 )   PDF (1377KB) ( 7021 )   Sperm motility is an important indicator of the measurement of semen quality and male fertility， and approximately 19% of patients with male infertility are caused by the lower of sperm motility. The energy required for sperm motility comes from the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondrial respiratory chain. The changes of mitochondrial structure and function caused by various reasons， such as the reduction of membrane potential， abnormality of enzyme activity or expression， and the mutation or deletion of mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA）， may result in the dyssynthesis of mitochondrial energy and depression of sperm motility. This article reviews the recent advancements of the correlation between mitochondrial function and sperm motility in order to explore the pathogenesy of poor motility of sperm and possible pathway of clinical treatment for asthenospermia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impacts of Electromagnetic Radiation on Male Reproduction SHU Ru-ming;GU Yi-qun 2009, 28 (6):  358-361.  Abstract ( 2335 )   PDF (1377KB) ( 6990 )   Electromagnetic radiation exists generally in our living and working environment. Male reproductive system is highly sensitive to electromagnetic radiation， which may cause structural and functional injury of testis as well as sperm lesion in epididymis such as the reduction of sperm density and motility， increase of abnormality rate and ultrastructual alteration. Oxidative stress， abnormal energy metabolism and the changes of apoptosis-related protein expressions may be responsible for injuries of testis and epididymal sperms. Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation can cause the alteration of semen parameters and then result in the decline of sexual function and fertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application Value of Inhibin B Levels in Diagnosis of Spermatogenetic Malfunction CAI Wen-juan;GU Yi-qun 2009, 28 (6):  362-364.  Abstract ( 2777 )   PDF (1381KB) ( 7072 )   Inhibin B is one of glycoprotein hormones secreted by testis and regulated specifically by follicle stimulating hormone from pituitary. Its secretion has circadian rhythm and it changes with aging. Inhibin B in male adult almost derives from testis and its assemble process is mostly finished in the spermatogenic cells. Then it is released to the circulation and seminal plasma. As a result， the levels of inhibin B in the serum and seminal plasma are synchronized to spermatogenesis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （Double-antibody Sandwich Method of ELISA） can determine precisely biological active inhibin B due to the use of the high specific antibody， which could meet the needs of scientific research and clinical diagnosis. The concentration of inhibin B changes with spermatogenetic malfunction. Therefore， spermatogenesis status can be assessed by measurement of inhibin B concentration. It has higher sensitivity and specificity in differential obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System: An Updated Review of the Noncontraceptive Uses SONG Nan;LENG Jin-hua 2009, 28 (6):  365-367.  Abstract ( 2781 )   PDF (1386KB) ( 6882 )   The levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system is an effective and safe form of long-term yet reversible birth control. Nowadays， it has been used to treat the menorrhagia and release the painful of endometriosis/adenomyosis， and it also shows the effect of anti-endometrial hyperplasia while using the tamoxifen or hormone replacement therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Aquaporins and Endometriosis XU Ke-jun;WU Rui-jin 2009, 28 (6):  368-370.  Abstract ( 2229 )   PDF (1843KB) ( 6903 )   Aquaporins（AQPs） are a family of water-transporting membrane proteins， which involved in pathophysiology of angiogenesis， tumor proliferation and so on. Aquaporins changed their expression in abnormal human endometrium. Angiogenesis plays an important role in occurrence and development of endometriosis. We presumed that aquaporins may be have relationship with the occurrence and development of endometriosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Androgen Receptor Polymorphism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome XU Li-shuang;HAN Yu-kun;SU Ai-qin 2009, 28 (6):  371-373.  Abstract ( 2186 )   PDF (461KB) ( 6981 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome （（PCOS） is a common endocrine disorder in fertile women ， Hyperandrogenism is currently thought to be central to the pathogenesis of PCOS. Androgen biological actions depend not only on serum androgen levels but also are modulated by androgen receptor （AR） activity. The gene encoding AR located on the X-chromosome （Xq11-12） contains a highly polymorphic CAG microsatellite polymorphism in exon1，which is impacted by X-chromosome inactivation pattern .In vitro studies showed that the shorter CAG repeats have a higher transcription activity. Recently， many studies have proved that the AR-CAG polymorphism is associated with PCOS， which may provides an effective evidence for the pathogenesis and therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Related Genes in Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus CHEN Yuan-yuan;CHEN Dan-qing 2009, 28 (6):  374-376.  Abstract ( 2839 )   PDF (1311KB) ( 6920 )   Gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The pathogenesis of the disease is still largely unknown. GDM is a polygenic disease，being considered to result from interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Any abnormalities of steps or phases of glycometabolism may result in gestational diabetes. Common variants in several candidate genes （e. g. Glucokinase， Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha， Insulin receptor substrate gene）have been demonstrated to increase the risk of GDM. This review focuses on the genetics of GDM. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clock Gene Per2 and Tumor WANG Zhao-xia;LI Li 2009, 28 (6):  377-379.  Abstract ( 2352 )   PDF (1100KB) ( 6912 )   Clock genes is prevalent in biological world， and they can bring and control biological circadian rhythm. There are new researches report that clock system not only work in biological circadian rhythm， but also in the regulation of other biologic function. If this system is destroyed， a series of diseases will occur， such as lymphoma， leucocythemia， breast cancer， depression and so on. This article is a review about the relationship between an important circadian clock gene Per2 and the tumor proliferation and apoptosis， the anti-tumor mechanisms of Per2， and the recent research Situation of Per2 in the gynecologic oncology. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Advancement of microRNA in the realm of Reproductive Development WANG Bin;XU Yan-wen 2009, 28 (6):  380-382.  Abstract ( 2754 )   PDF (3475KB) ( 6903 )   microRNAs（miRNAs）， a class of newly found noncoding RNAs， which regulate gene expression at transcriptional level or post-transcriptional level， play fundamental roles in multiple biological processes， including cell differentiation， development and metabolism as well as disease processes. In the field of reproductive medicine， miRNAs have been proved to participate in the meiosis processes and development of spermatocyte and oocyte. It can regulate the early development of the mouse preimplantation embryos， and affect the expression of genes related to implantation. miRNAs also play a a critical role in the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. An association may exist between human infertility with aberrant miRNA profiles of germ cell. In this review， mechanism and function of miRNAs， principal methodologies in the research of miRNAs and the latest development of miRNAs in reproductive development are stated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Minimal Ovarian Stimulation for IVF CHEN Jia-zhou;SUN Xiao-xi 2009, 28 (6):  383-386.  Abstract ( 2224 )   PDF (929KB) ( 6913 )   Ovarian stimulation has been a key component of assisted reproductive technologies （ART）. At present， a long gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist（GnRHa） pituitary suppression regimen combined with relatively high dose of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone（FSH） remains the most frequent using for stimulation protocol. But currently used medication regimens for ovarian stimulation are complex， expensive， may require weeks of daily injections. Such protocol is also associated with the risk of complications such as ovarian hyperstimulation. It is necessary to seek better protocols for ovarian stimulation. Contribute to the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists（GnRHA）， the clinical application of mild ovarian stimulation IVF has been wildly opened. Comparing with routine ovarian stimulation protocol， the mild protocols use of lower dosage of gonadotrophin may shorten the treatment time and reduce the risk of complications of ovarian hyperstimulation which were not at cost of impaired pregnancy rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Application of Metabolism Analysis in In-vitro Culture Preimplantation Embryos Assessment ZHAO Hong-yan;SUN Ying-pu 2009, 28 (6):  387-389.  Abstract ( 2215 )   PDF (2001KB) ( 6850 )   Single embryo transfer（SET） is a useful method to reduce multiple pregnancies （MP） rate， the optimal embryo selection is the key factor to maintain success rates with SET. Presently，morphology and cleavage rate used in many centers remain the mainstay of embryo assessment， but they have a limited predictive value for assessing viability and ongoing pregnancy. Recent studys indicate that the metabolism analysis combinded with the current methods of embryo assessment would be more effective to select high-quailty embryos， increase the rate of pregnancy as well as reduce multiple pregnancies （MP） rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Complications and Long-term Safety of Vasectomy LIU Xiao-zhang;LI Shun-qiang 2009, 28 (6):  390-393.  Abstract ( 2657 )   PDF (3375KB) ( 7116 )   Vasectomy is a safe， effective and simple male sterilization procedure and an important contraceptive option. Hematoma and wound infection are most common postoperative complications with an incidence of 1% and 2%， respectively. A small number of men experience chronic pain or discomfort in the scrotum or testicles after vasectomy but less than 1% need to be treated by surgery. Vasectomy failure occurs in 0~2% of patients. Antisperm antibodies develop in over 60% of men after vasectomy. No increased health risks including immune-related diseases， atherosclerotic heart disease or testicular/prostate cancer have been proved by large epidemiology studies except a short-term elevation of risk of genitourinary tract infection or inflammation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of the Cytokines of Tubal Fluid in Pathogenesis of Salpingitis Infertility WU Ya-ling;HAO Min 2009, 28 (6):  394-397.  Abstract ( 2665 )   PDF (1413KB) ( 6885 )   In recent years， the incidence of infertility is rising gradually， thereinto salpingitis infertility is 30 to 40 percent. Fallopian tubes which play a critical role in the process of human reproduction， is the sites of eggs intake， sperms and eggs transportation and mature， fertilization and embryo development before implantation. As the the main media of the role， a variety of cytokines of tubal fluid undoubtedly play a key role in this place. It shows important theoretical and practical significance for the prevention and treatment of salpingitis pregnancy to clarify the effects of cytokines and its role in the transportation and function of eggs and sperms and fertilization and the development of early embryo, and its function in salpingitis infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Probe into Early Treatment Methods for CSP （with Clinical Analysis of 47 Cases） ZHANG Fu;GAO Gui-qin;LIN Wan-jun 2009, 28 (6):  398-399.  Abstract ( 2161 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 6930 )   Objective: To explore the early diagnosis and treatment of Cesarean scar pregnancy（CSP） to provide basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method: 47 cases from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2008 diagnosed as CSP were reviewed， and the diagnoses were mainly by means of ultrasonic examination， total hysterectomy specimens and pathological examination; Two methods were mainly selected for the treatment which were:① ultrasonic guided gestational sac puncture with Methotrexate（MTX）+intra-sac injection and dilatation and curettage performed at a suitable time ②uterine artery embolism in combination with intravenous MTX treatment and dilatation and curettage performed at a suitable time. Result: Of the 47 cases， 27 cases selected the first method and 20 cases selected the second method which showed 2 failed and 5 failed， respectively. In the 7 failing cases， the patients eventually received hysterectomy because of repeated massive vaginal bleeding. Conclusion: CSP should be diagnosed early， and suitable individualized treatment regimes may increase the successful rate of treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Investigation of Artificial Abortion 2009, 28 (6):  400-402.  Abstract ( 2206 )   PDF (1418KB) ( 6911 )   Related Articles | Metrics