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25 October 2016, Volume 35 Issue 5
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Effect of PM2.5 on Migration and Invasion of Human Chorionic Trophoblast Cells and its Mechanism QIN Zhe;HOU Hai-yan;XU Zhong-wei;ZHANG Li-wen;HAN Bin;CHEN Ya-qiong;WU Si-yu;YAO Ting 2016, 35 (5):  357-361.  Abstract ( 1686 )   PDF (1321KB) ( 8796 )   Objective: To investigate the effect of PM2.5 on the survival rate, the migration ability and the invasion ability of human chorionic trophoblast cell line, HTR8-SVneo, and to explore the possible mechanism of the adverse pregnancy outcome induced by PM2.5. Methods：The in vitro cultured HTR8-SVneo cells were treated with PM2.5. The cell proliferation was analysed by CCK8. Five concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 200 μg/mL were selected. The cell migration was detected by Laser holographic cell analysis and imaging system, while the cell invasion by the Transwell experiment. The mRNA and protein expressions of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1 and TIMP2 were measured by qPCR and Western Blot, while the activities of MMP2 and MMP9 by a gelatin zymography. Results：The proliferation of HTR8-SVneo cells was significantly inhibited by PM2.5 treatment (P＜0.05), while the migration distance and the number of cells penetrating the membrane were decreased (P＜0.05). The mRNA and protein expressions of MMP2, MMP9, TIMP1 and TIMP2 were significantly increased in PM2.5 exposed groups(P＜0.05), and the increased degree of MMPs was lower than TIMPs. The activities of MMP9 in all PM2.5 treatment groups were significantly increased when compared with the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusions：PM2.5 can induce the cellular damage of HTR8-SVneo cells, while PM2.5 can decrease the cell migration and invasion by inducing the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs. These pathophysiological changes are related with the adverse pregnancy outcomes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Human Vitrified Oocytes in Ovum Donation LIN Yu-ting;MA Xiang;CAI Ling-bo;ZENG Qiao;WU Wei;DIAO Fei-yang;LIU Jia-yin;CHIAN Ri-cheng 2016, 35 (5):  362-364.  Abstract ( 1603 )   PDF (732KB) ( 7846 )   Objective: To analyse the clinical outcomes of the ovum donation cycles conducted with the vitrified oocytes, so as to provide the predictive information for the clinical application of this technique. Methods: The clinical outcomes of 216 ovum donation cycles, which conducted with the vitrified-thawed oocytes undergoing IVF-ET in our reproductive center from February 2006 to October 2014, were retrospective analyzed. The main outcome parameters were the survival rate of the freezen-thawed oocytes, the normal fertilization（2PN） rate of in vitro fertilization, the cumulative clinical pregnancy rate, the implantation rate and the cumulative live birth rate. Results: The survival rate of the freezen-thawed oocytes was 82.0%（899/1 097）. The normal fertilization （2PN） rate was 76.9%（691/899）. The rates of implantation, cumulative clinical pregnancy and live birth were 21.4%（84/393）, 33.3%（72/216） and 27.3%（59/216）, respectively. The oocyte-to-baby rate was 6.5%（71/1 097）. Conclusions: There is relatively good clinical outcomes of the freezen-thawed oocytes when applied in the ovum donation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Uterine and Endometrial Blood Flow Index and Pregnancy Outcome of Frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer Cycles SONG Rui-fang;SU Ying-chun;WANG Fang 2016, 35 (5):  365-368.  Abstract ( 2131 )   PDF (790KB) ( 8014 )   Objective: To investigate the relationship between the uterine and endometrial blood flow index and the pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods：Three hundred and ten women who had undergone FET were grouped into two groups, the pregnancy group (n=153) and the non-pregnancy group (n=157), according to the clinical outcomes. All patients were asked to monitor the endometrial thickness, endometrial volume(V), endometrial and subendometrial blood flow on the endometrial transformation days and before transplantation day. Results：The uterine artery pulsatility index(ＰＩ), the peak systolic velocity(PSV)/end diastolic velocity(EDV) on the endometrial transformation day in the pregnant group were significantly lower than those in the non-pregnant group(P＜0.05). The PI and resistance index (RI) on the transplantation day in the pregnant group was significantly lower than those in the non-pregnant group, while the flow index(FI) and V value in the pregnant group were significantly higher(P＜0.05). The area under the ROC curve of endometrial volume in the pregnancy group was significantly higher (0.637, P＜0.01). The uterine artery PSV, EDV and RI on the pre-transplant day were lower than those on the transformation day, while FI and V value on the pre-transplant day were higher than those on the transformation day(P＜0.05). The correlation coefficient between the uterine artery RI, PI, V and endometrial thickness were -0.431, -0.775 and 0.796(P＜0.01). The pregnancy rate in those women with the uterine RI 0.70-0.85 was significantly higher than that in those women with the uterine RI 0.86-0.95 (53.18% vs. 40.00%, P＜0.05). Conclusions：Those women with lower RI and PI on the transplantation day are more likely to get pregnancy. The V value is helpful for predictiving the endometrial receptivity. The PI and RI may affect the endometrial receptivity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Physical Stress on Human Sperm Motility and Intracellular ROS Generation SHI Xiao;WANG Ting;ZHOU Yao;LIU Li;ZHAN Xiao-min;CHEN Si-mei;QUAN Song 2016, 35 (5):  369-371.  Abstract ( 1552 )   PDF (809KB) ( 7990 )   Objective: To study the effects of centrifugation and pipette on human motility and intracellular ROS, so as to optimize the sperm handling procedure. Methods：Seven sperm samples with normal seminal parameters were treated with various centrifugation force （200 g，600 g) and centrifugation duration (5 min，15 min） and different pipetting times （2，6，10 times）. Motility parameter and intracellular ROS were measured. Results：For the centrifuge procedure, the centrifugation duration could significantly influence the sperm motility and intercellular ROS level （P＜0.05）, while centrifugation did not significantly influence the percentage of progressive motile sperm （ＰＲ） and the velocity of average path（VAP）（P＞0.05）. The centrifugation duration more than 5 minutes could significantly decrease the sperm motility and intracellular ROS level（P＜0.05）. For the pipetting procedure, the pipetting more than 2 times would significantly decrease the sperm motility （P＜0.05），while the pipetting over 6 times would significantly decrease the PR and VAP （P＜0.05）. However, the intracellular ROS level was not significantly changed by the repeated pipetting. Conclusions：The special causion is that the centrifuge over 5 minutes and pipetting over 2 times should be avoided during in vitro handling human sperm sample. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reproductive Medical Lessons Improve Emotional Status and Satisfaction of Patients Undergoing IVF Treatment ZHANG Yu-hui;HAN Xiao;CHANG Qiong;CHEN Yuan-hui;ZHANG Cui-lian 2016, 35 (5):  372-374.  Abstract ( 1512 )   PDF (752KB) ( 7933 )   Objective: To investigate the salutary effect of the reproductive medical lessons on emotional state and satisfaction degree of patients undergoing IVF treatment. Methods: A total of 512 patients who underwent IVF treatment and joined the reproductive medical lessons were retrospectively analyzed from Dec. 2014 to Dec. 2015 in our center. Patients were divided into three groups according to the times for attending the lessons. Patients in the group A （68 patients） attend for 0 times, patients in the group B （260 patients） attend for less than or equal to 4 times, while patients in the group C （１８４ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ） attend for 8 times. The emotional state, satisfaction degree and pregnancy outcomes were compared. Results: The score of anxiety and depression is highest in the group A and lowest in the group C （P＜0.05）, while the satisfaction degree in the group B or C is higher than that in the group A（P＜0.001）. There was no difference in the biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate and early abortion rate among the three groups （P＞0.05）. Conclusions: The reproductive medical lessons can significantly improve the emotional state and satisfaction degree of patients undergoing IVF treatment. It is benefit to extend the reproductive medical lessons in ART centers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Systemic Evaluation on the Efficacy and Safety of GT300 and MCu110 ZHANG Min;SUN Zhi-ming;ZHANG Xue-ning;YANG Yue-hua;XU Hao-qin 2016, 35 (5):  375-382.  Abstract ( 1620 )   PDF (1934KB) ( 7951 )   Objective: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and acceptability of GT300 and MCu intrauterine device（ＩＵＤ）. Methods：Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, POPLINE, CBMdisc, CMCI, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang and websites including the Clinical Trials were used to search in this study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were set according to the PICO-S principle. The meta-analysis was performed by the Revman 5.3.3 software. Results：Three articles matched to the criteria were recruited for meta-analysis. Within the 12 months and 24 months follow-up, the pregnant rate of GT300 IUD was significant higher than that of MCu IUD （RR=3.33，95%CI：1.35-8.25，RR=3.00，95%CI：1.28-7.01）. Within the 6 months, 12 months and 24 months follow-up, the expulsion rate of GT300 IUD was significant higher than that of MCu IUD （RR=6.00，95%CI：1.77-20.30；RR=5.55，95%CI：5.25-13.68；RR=3.75，95%CI：1.73-8.12). Within the 6 months, 12 months and 24 months follow-up, the rate of side effects of GT300 IUD（including bleeding, pain, and the occurrence of leucorrhea） was significant higher than that of MCu IUD（P＜0.05）. Within the 6 months, 12 months and 24 months follow-up, the rate of medical remove of GT300 IUD was significant higher than that of MCu IUD（RR=3.33，95%CI：1.35-8.25；RR=2.31，95%CI：1.21-4.39；RR=2.65，95%CI：1.60-4.38). Within the 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 24 months follow-up, the continuation rate of GT300 was significant lower than that of MCu IUD（RR=0.12，95%CI：0.01-0.96；RR=0.21，95%CI：0.10-0.41；RR=0.27，95%CI：0.17-0.44；RR=0.32，95%CI: 0.22-0.46）. Conclusions：There are few RCT studies to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of GT300 IUD when compared with MCu IUD. It is necessary to have the multicenter RCT studies with the large samples, scientific methodology and standards, especially the high-quality and long-term studies, so as to evaluate the efficacy, safety and acceptability of two IUDs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Delivery Mode and Perinatal Outcome of 197 Pregnancies after a Prior Cesarean Section CAI Xiao-hui;LIN Li 2016, 35 (5):  383-386.  Abstract ( 1481 )   PDF (768KB) ( 7971 )   Objective: To observe the delivery mode and the perinatal outcome of pregnancies after a prior cesarean section. Methods：The clinical data of 197 pregnancies after a prior cesarean section between September 2014 and April 2015 in our Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results：①In 197 cases, 147 cases had the second cesarean section（the rate of cesarean section was 74.62%）, in which 129 cases had the selected elective repeat cesarean delivery（ERCD）. 68 cases had the trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery（TOLAC）, in which 50 cases had successfully the vaginal birth after cesarean delivery （ＶＢＡＣ）, the success rate of vaginal delivery was 73.53%. ②Surgical indications of ERCD included: maternal request after a prior cesarean section was the most common indication （31.78%, 41/129）, followed by macrosomia （16.28%, 21/129）, maternal advanced age （6.98%, 9/129）, funnel pelvis （6.98%, 9/129）, central placenta previa （4.65%, 6/129） and others（43/129, 33.33%）. ③There were smaller estimated fetal weight, more bleeding, wider pelvic outlet, higer B ship score, fewer inhospital days and higer turn pediatrics rate in the VBAC group, when compared with the ERCD group（P＜0.05）. ④There were more spontaneous labor and shorter interval between the first and subsequent delivery in the VBAC group when compared with the group that TOLAC cases who had unsuccessful vaginal birth and then changed to the emergency cesarean section (although P＞0.05). The differences of maternal age, pregnancy week, postpartum hemorrhage, NICU admission and birth weight between two above groups were not significant（P＞0.05）. ⑤The times of three delivery stages were normal in women who had a successful TOLAC: the first stage （6.37±2.12） hours, the second stage（26.95±15.00） minutes, the third stage（5.17±1.41） minutes. Conclusions：It is feasible for those pregnant women with the history of cesarean section to try vaginal delivery, with the strict indications, the informed consent, the meticulously monitoring labor and the full preparation for operation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of Clinical Protocol for Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Infection in Women with Premature Rupture of Membranes PENG Lan;CHAI Li-qiang;CHEN Da-li;WANG Yun 2016, 35 (5):  387-389.  Abstract ( 1534 )   PDF (729KB) ( 7914 )   Objective: To validate and discuss the efficacy of clinical protocol for prevention of Group B streptococcal（GBS） disease in women with premature rupture of membranes （ＰＲＯＭ） according to the guidelines of 2010 CDC. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 394 women with PROM admitted at the Suzhou Municipal Hospital between Jan. 2016 and Feb. 2016, including 84 women with preterm premature rupture of membranes（PPROM） and 310 women with PROM in term labor. All women were managed according to the protocol for PROM in 2010 CDC guidelines, also refer to the two strategy in previous guidelines based on culture and risk factors to conduct the intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis（ＩＡＰ）. The GBS colonization rate and the incidence of early-onset group B streptococcal disease（EOD） in the two groups were compared, respectively. The effect of IAP on the incidence of EOD was also analyzed. Results: The rate of GBS colonization in the PPROM group was higher than that in the PROM group（11.9% vs. 4.8%， χ2=5.55，P＝0.018）. In the PROM group, GBS colonization is a risk factor for PPROM（OR=2.658, 95%CI:1.148-6.155）. The difference of the incidence of EOD between the PPROM group and the PROM group was not significant（2.38% vs. 0.65%，χ2＝1.98，P=0.159）. There was not an infected newborn in those PROM mother with the complete IAP（0/212）, while the incidence of EOD in those women who underwent inadequate IAP or no IAP was 2.25%（4/178）（χ2＝4.71，P=0.03）, suggesting that the complete IAP is the protective factor for EOD（OR=0.456，95%CI：0.410-0.509）. Conclusions: It is necessary to screen and manage those women with PROM, to conduct the IAP strictly according to the guidelines, and to notice those primary risk factors in which the premature delivery is the most notable factor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on the Regulation of Thermo-TRP Channels on Sperm Function ZHANG Xiao-ke;WANG Xiao-tong;HU Lian 2016, 35 (5):  390-394.  Abstract ( 1532 )   PDF (1000KB) ( 7889 )   The intracellular signaling molecules and membrane ion channels regulate the sperm function. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels participate in various physiological processes through regulating the intracellular ion concentrations. The thermo-TRP channels are a group of the TRP channels which can convert the temperature signal into biological signal, including the heat-gated ion channels such as TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3 and TRPV4, and the cold-gated ion channels such as TRPM8 and TRPA1. TRPM8 and TRPV1 located in the different segments of the sperm are involved in calcium signaling pathway. The activated TRPM8 and TRPV1 can regulate sperm motility, acrosome reaction, thermotaxis, etc. TRPV1 can also induce sperm to release from oviductal epithelia cell adhesion. Besides, the change of TRPV1 ligand binding sites can lead to the dysfunction of TRPV1 channel, which might have negative effects on male fertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of Adipokines on Testicular Androgen Production WANG Xiao-tong;ZHANG Xiao-ke;HU Lian 2016, 35 (5):  395-399.  Abstract ( 1664 )   PDF (762KB) ( 7892 )   Many adipokines secreted by adipose tissue could regulate the testicular functions by neuroendocrine or direct action. Adipokine receptors have already been found in testis. Leptin affects the development of testis, androgen synthesis and spermatogenesis in all levels of hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Adiponectin by the receptors expressed in Leydig cells can regulate androgen production, and protect these cells through its anti-inflammatory action. Resistin and chemerin are also involved in the regulation of testosterone synthesis. Obesity can change the secretion of adipokines, which induces the decreased insulin sensitivity, chronic inflammation, vascular disease and other metabolic diseases. All of them could be related with hypoandrogenism and male infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Premature Progesterone Rise in Late Follicular Phase on Pregnancy Outcomes of IVF MA Shuai;LI Yuan 2016, 35 (5):  400-404.  Abstract ( 1552 )   PDF (849KB) ( 7946 )   The incidence of premature progesterone rise (PPR) during ovarian stimulation in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET) ranges from 4.2% to 36.0%. The effect of PPR on the pregnancy outcomes still exists debate. How to prevent PPR is a challenge for doctors. To investigate this issue and offer clues for clinical treatment, we had a review. The PPR in late follicular phase during stimulation may be related to adrenal gland, the number of retrieved oocytes, the level of estradiol on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration, and the dose of follicle stimulating hormone(FSH). PPR may adversely affect the pregnancy results in fresh cycles by affecting endometrium. PPR does not affect the oocyte or embryo quality and the pregnancy outcomes of the freezen-thaw cycles. PPR may be prevented by the mild simulation protocols, cutting down dose of FSH, controlling the number of retrieved oocytes, and advancing the trigger time. It should be advised to freeze all the embryo if PPR emerged. Although some treatments could effectively improve the pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET, it is necessary to test their effectiveness by the high-quality randomly double-blind controlled clinical trials with large sample size． Related Articles | Metrics

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Ovary Cryopreservation and Transplantation FAN Dong-qing;ZHANG Can;HU Yan-qiu 2016, 35 (5):  405-408.  Abstract ( 1524 )   PDF (851KB) ( 7947 )   The methods of female fertility preservation includes embryo cryopreservation, occyte freezing and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The embryo freezing technology has been well developed with the survival rate over 90%. The oocyte freezing technology has also yielded progress in recent years. The ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation has a predominance in the preservation of both endocrine function and reproductive function. Currently, human ovarian transplantation mainly consists of the orthotopic and heterotopic transplantation of fresh or cryopreserved ovarian tissue. The factors related to ovarian transplantation include the process of cryopreservation, transplantation site and pretreatment before transplantation, etc. With the increasingly improved technology of organ freezing and microsurgery, cryopreservation and transplantation of whole ovary have been the trend of ovarian preservation. However, the whole ovary transplantation is still at the stage of animal experiments. There are not the standard procedure of cryopreservation and thawing. The research progress of ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation was reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Female Fertility Preservation LI Wei;ZHANG Na 2016, 35 (5):  409-412.  Abstract ( 1491 )   PDF (708KB) ( 8001 )   The fertility preservation is suitable for those patients with primary ovarian insufficiency, tumor, autoimmune disease, and those people who want to postpone parenthood. Young women with tumor will be the main population of fertility preservation because radiotherapy and chemotherapy always impaire their fertility and living quality. There are three kinds of fertility preservation technology: embryo freezing, oocyte freezing and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The technology of embryo freezing has been successfully used in clinical practice. The technology of oocyte freezing is getting mature. However, the technology of ovarian tissue cryopreservation is still at the early stage of research. Both of slow-freezing method and virtification method can be applied in fertility preservation techniques, with own advantages and disadvantages. The paper mainly introduces the methods of fertility preservation and the problems needed to be solved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fertility Preservation of Women with Tumor ZHANG Cong;ZHANG Na 2016, 35 (5):  413-417.  Abstract ( 1497 )   PDF (759KB) ( 7923 )   More and more young women are diagnosed with cancer. Radiotherapies and chemotherapies increase the survival rate of cancer patients, while their reproductive ability could be damaged by those anti-tumor treatments. At present, there are some reports about the fertility preservation in patients suffering from breast cancer and haematological malignances. According to the tumor types and other situations, the embryo cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation and ovarian tissue cryopreservation can be recommended as a personalized program of fertility preservation. Three kinds of freezing methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The embryo freezing and egg freezing need to extend the waiting time before anti-tumor treatment, but these technologies are relatively mature. Compared with them, the ovarian tissue cryopreservation do not delay the anti-tumor treatment, but the technology is not yet mature. The success rate of fertility preservation program is also affected by many factors, such as the age of patient, the type of tumor, and the specific treatment. In this paper, we reviewed in the research progress of fertility preservation of tumor women. Related Articles | Metrics

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miRNAs Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ZHANG Chun-ren;SONG Jin-long;LI Juan;MA Hong-xia 2016, 35 (5):  418-422.  Abstract ( 1513 )   PDF (764KB) ( 7933 )   miRNAs are a group of small, non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The altered miRNA levels are associated with diabetes and other disorders related with insulin resistance, meanwhile there are many miRNAs at the detectable level in their blood and follicular fluid of PCOS patients, suggesting that those miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers of PCOS. The expression levels of four miRNAs: miR-21, miR-27b, miR-103 and miR-155, in circulating blood of those obese PCOS patients were significantly increased, and other three miRNAs, miR-222, miR-146a and miR-30c, have also been studied as potential serum biomarkers of PCOS. Interestingly, many miRNAs were detected in the follicular fluid. The expression levels of miR-132 and miR-320 were significantly decreased, while other three miRNAs, miR-224,miR-376a and miR-143, could also be developed as new targets for the PCOS pathophysiological study. It is necessary to study further those miRNAs as potential targets of PCOS pathophysiological mechanism, due to the heterogeneity of PCOS and the differences in miRNAs profiles from the present studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of TGF-β Superfamily in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome HE Jing-yan;FANG Lan-lan;SUN Ying-pu 2016, 35 (5):  423-428.  Abstract ( 1521 )   PDF (840KB) ( 8014 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, is characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Moreover, PCOS have the increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and endometrial cancer. Recent studies indicated that TGF-β surperfamily plays an important role in various pathological processes of PCOS, such as anovulation, hyperandrogenism ，insulin resistance and so on. In addition, it has a correlation with the long-term complications of PCOS, such as cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer and so on. This review will demonstrate the role of important members of TGF-β superfamily in the regulation of ovarian function, especially the expression and role in pathophysiological mechanism of PCOS. Related Articles | Metrics

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Long Non-coding RNAs and Gynecological Diseases LIN Dian-chao;CHEN Qiong-hua 2016, 35 (5):  429-432.  Abstract ( 1626 )   PDF (833KB) ( 7953 )   Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a kind of functional RNA molecules with longer than 200 nucleotides. Although lncRNAs have not the protein-coding function, they are involved in epigenetic control, and transcriptional/post-transcriptional modification, suggesting that lncRNAs are key regulators in many pathological and physiological processes. There are thousands of lncRNAs in human and animals, including some reported lncRNAs which are related to gynecological diseases such as cervical cancer, endometriosis, PCOS, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and so on. With the development of lncRNA research, lncRNAs will play an important role in the tertiary prevention (early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment) . However, the mechanism of lncRNAs and the relationship with diseases are still unclear. In this review, the research progress on lncRNAs′ function, the pathological and pathophysiological roles in gynecological diseases, and the potential application of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and therapy of gynecological diseases were summarized. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Factors Related to the Outcomes of Medical Abortion in First Trimester YANG Bi-kang;HOU Shu-ping 2016, 35 (5):  433-436.  Abstract ( 1438 )   PDF (757KB) ( 7944 )   Mifepristone combined with misoprostol has been widely applied in medical abortion for terminating first trimester pregnancy due to its effectiveness, safety and acceptability. However, there are some unfavourable problems, such as incomplete abortion and ongoing pregnancy. Several factors have been found to be related to the clinical outcomes of medical abortion, such as single misoprostol, the insufficient dose of mifepristone or misoprostol, the short interval time of two medicines, oral administration of misoprostol, the increased pregnancy time, the oversized pregnancy sac diameter, the multiple parous history, the history of cesarean section, the uterine anteflexion or retroflexion and the inappropriate intervention. Those factors related to the outcomes of medical abortion, as well as the mechanism, are discussed in this review, which is helpful for the clinic to improve the effectiveness and safety of medical abortion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Non-pharmacological Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea LI Han;LYU Ya-nan;LI Yi-mei 2016, 35 (5):  437-440.  Abstract ( 1429 )   PDF (780KB) ( 8091 )   Primary dysmenorrhea(PD) is one of the most common gynecologic diseases, especially among unmarried young women. It is believed that many factors are related to the PD pathomechanism, such as the abnormally elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and F2α, the spasm of uterine smooth muscle, the tension and stiffness of abdominal muscle, the formation of fibrous cords, and even the social psychological factors. Currently, the oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or the combined oral contraceptive pills are the main treatment for PD. However, the adverse reactions in digestion and cardiovascular system affected their clinical application. Chinese traditional medicine and modern western medicine developed many kinds of non-pharmacological methods for PD treatment. The research progress of those non-pharmacological treatment of PD, Chinese traditional medicine and modern western medicine, were introduced so as to provide a reference for the clinical practice. Related Articles | Metrics