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25 December 2016, Volume 35 Issue 6
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Iodine Nutrition of Pregnant Women and Offspring Brain Development QIAN Ming 2016, 35 (6):  445-448.  Abstract ( 1548 )   PDF (830KB) ( 8074 )   Iodine is an essential element for the thyroid hormone （ＴＨ） synthesis. It is well known that TH is involved in the regulation of genes related to fetus brain and neural development during pregnancy. The roles of TH in brain and neural development will even last to 3 years after birth. Fetal TH in the first and second trimesters originally comes from the free thyroxine （ＦＴ４） of pregnant women. Fetus in the last trimesters can produce TH which depends on the iodine supplements from pregnant women. The studies from the iodine-deficient areas showed that the iodine deficiency resulted in the brain impairment, and that the severity of brain impairment was related to the severity of iodine deficiency, such as endemic cretinism, subclinical endemic cretinism and intelligence impairments. The risks of TH deficiency and fetus brain impairment were increased even in those pregnant women with the latent iodine deficiency. The iodine replacement therapy in the iodine-deficient areas（iodized salt or iodized oil, etc.） can effectively prevent from offspring intelligence impairments. Excessive iodine intake usually happened in the areas with excessive iodine in drinking water. Studies of human being and animal suggested that the fetus developing brain can tolerate the excessive iodine in a certain extent. However, pregnant women should avoid the exposure to excessive iodine environment for long term. The test of 24 hours urinary iodine is available method for the evaluation of individual iodine nutrition. The iodized salt is a safe, effective and convenient supplement of iodine nutrition for those pregnant women with iodine deficiency. The adviced iodine intake is 200-500 μg/d for pregnant women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytotoxicity of PM2.5 on HTR8-SVneo Cells QIN Zhe;HOU Hai-yan;XU Zhong-wei;ZHANG Li-wen;HAN Bin;WU Si-yu;CHEN Ya-qiong 2016, 35 (6):  449-453.  Abstract ( 1608 )   PDF (1104KB) ( 8064 )   Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity of atmospheric PM2.5 on HTR8-SVneo cells. Methods：The in vitro cultured HTR8-SVneo cells were exposed to PM2.5 at the concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 200 μg/mL for 24 h. The cells treated with 0 μg/mL PM 2.5 were used as the control group. The cell survival rate was analyzed by the CCK-8 cell proliferation and cytotoxicity test kits. The 3D morphology was observed by the Laser holographic cell analysis and imaging system. The change in the number of cells was also dynamically monitored. The cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The level of DNA damage was detected by comet assay. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） was measured by the ROS kits. Results：The survival rate and proliferation ability in three groups treated with 60, 120 and 200 μg/mL PM2.5 were significantly lower than those in the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. PM2.5 treatment made the growth cycle arrest in G2/M phase （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The percentage of tail DNA in the PM2.5 exposure groups was higher than that in the control group （P＜0.01）, with a dose-dependent manner. The level of ROS in the PM2.5 exposed groups was higher than that in the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Conclusions: PM2.5 has a certain cytotoxicity on HTR8-SVneo cells via the DNA damage and the cell cycle arrest which is related to the increased oxygen free radicals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Linolenic Acid on Mitochondrial DNA Copy Numbers of Human Oocyte Derived from in Vitro Maturation HU Ji-jun;SUN Li-jun;GUAN Yi-chun;HAO Da-yong;MA Xiao-juan;QI Ruo-Fan;DONG Xiao-zhen 2016, 35 (6):  454-458.  Abstract ( 1543 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 8075 )   Objective: To explore the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) on human oocytes maturation and the mitochondrial DNA（mtDNA） copy numbers of oocyte. Methods: A total of 441 morphologically normal immature oocytes were recruited from 273 infertile women underwent ICSI in our Center from October 2014 to October 2015. There were 179 oocytes at MⅠ stage and 262 oocytes at GⅤ stage. Oocytes with the same proportion of MⅠ and GⅤ were randomly divided into 5 groups, and in vitro cultured for 24 hours in the medium with ALA at different level [0（as controｌ）, 10 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, 200 μmol/L]. The oocyte maturation was observed, and the mtDNA copy numbers in the ALA 0 μmol/L (as control) group and the ALA 50 μmol/L group were determined by real-time PCR. Results: ①The total maturation rate of the ALA 50 μmol/L group （７０．１％） was significantly higher than that of the control group （42.1%） and the ALA 200 μmol/L group （３４．１％, both P＜0.05）. ②The total maturation rate of GⅤ in the ALA 50 μmol/L group （64.4%） was significantly higher than that in the control group （２８．９％） and the ALA 200 μmol/L group （１８．２％, ｂｏｔｈ Ｐ＜０．０５）. ③The mtDNA copy number of in vitro matured oocytes in the ALA 50 μmol/L group （3.64×107±1.85×106） was significantly higher than that in the ALA 0 μmol/L group （3.42×106±1.95×105, P＜0.05）. Conclusions: 50 μmol/L ALA can increase the mtDNA copy number of the in vitro matured human oocyte, suggesting that ALA can promote the in vitro maturation of human oocyte. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Perinatal Outcomes of Offsprings from IVF/ICSI: A Retrospective Study QIAN Chun-feng;LI Hong 2016, 35 (6):  459-462.  Abstract ( 1599 )   PDF (916KB) ( 8020 )   Objective: To investigate the perinatal outcomes of offsprings from IVF/ICSI. Methods: The clinical data and perinatal outcomes of 840 cycles of fresh embryo transfer or frozen-thawed embryo transfer（FET） were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital from January 2012 to December 2013. Results: The birth weight [（2 536.84±417.23）g vs.（3 314.67±466.56）g] and the gestational age[（３６．７８±１．７４）week vs.（３９．３１±１．４５）week] of the twins were significantly lower than singletons（Ｐ＜０．０５）. The rates of premature birth（45.66% vs. 3.70%）, low birth weight（41.32% vs. 2.41%） and cesarean section（97.26% vs. 81.64%） in the twins were significantly higher than the singletons（Ｐ＜０．０５）. The birth weight[（3 358.96±458.34）g vs. （3 249.11±474.28）g] and the cesarean section （85.97% vs. 74.58%）in the singletons of FET group were significantly higher than those in the fresh embryo transfer group （P＜0.05）. Conclusions: The twins of ART have more adverse perinatal outcomes than the singletons. The singletons of FET have better outcomes than the singletons of fresh embryo transfer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Correlation between Surgical Timing and Pregnancy Outcomes of Intrauterine Artificial Insemination LI Si-chen;WU Yi-xuan;LIU Jian-qiao;ZHANG Wei-liang 2016, 35 (6):  463-465.  Abstract ( 1753 )   PDF (861KB) ( 8093 )   Objective: To investigate the correlation between the surgical timing of insemination and the pregnancy rate of intrauterine artificial insemination （ＩＵＩ）. Methods: The retrospective analysis was designed in 851 infertile couples with male factors who were treated with IUI （a total of 1 751 cycles）. Those cycles were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1 was one time of IUI before ovulation, Group 2 was one time of IUI after ovulation, Group 3 was two times of IUI before ovulation, and Group 4 was two times of IUI before and after ovulation individually. The pregnancy rates of four groups were then compared accordingly. Results: The pregnancy rates in group 1 and group 2 were 11.21% and 12.23%, while in group 1 the pregnancy rate in couples with ovulation after IUI was significantly higher than that in those couples with anovulation（P＜0.05）. The pregnancy rates in group 3 and group 4 were 16.21% and 15.65%, while in group 3 the pregnancy rate in couples with ovulation after IUI was significantly higher than that in those couples with anovulation （１7.14% vs. 0.00%, P=0.040）. In the ovulatory cycles of four groups, the pregnancy rates were 10.99%, 12.23%, 17.14% and 16.21% respectively（P＞0.05）. The pregnancy rate of two times of IUI was higher than that of one time of IUI （although P＞0.05）. Conclusions: There are not significant difference in the pregnancy rate in those couples with ovulation before or after IUI treatment, 1 or 2 times of IUI. However, the pregnancy rate is very low in those couples without ovulation before or after IUI treatment (0~2.85%). Those women with the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome （ＬＵＦＳ） ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｗｏ ｃｙｃｌｅｓ ｏｆ ＩＵＩ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ａｄｖｉｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｔｒｅａｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｎ ｖｉｔｒｏ ｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ （ＩＶＦ）． Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Treatment of Zuogui Pill, a Chinese Medicine, for Recurrent Implantation Failure ZHAO Cui;YANG Liu;ZHANG Xiang;ZHANG Xue-hong;WEI Qing-lin;LI Li-fei 2016, 35 (6):  466-469.  Abstract ( 1661 )   PDF (900KB) ( 8049 )   Objective: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of Zuogui pill, a Chinese medicine, for those infertility women with recurrent implantation failure（ＲＩＦ）. Methods：Eighty infertility women with RIF were selected, who took frozen-thawed embryo transfer （ＦＥＴ） cycles with GnRHa down-regulation protocol. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: The Chinese medicine group was treated with Zuogui pill, a Chinese medicine （ｎ＝４０）, during down-regulation for 4 cycles, while the control group without Chinese medicine during their cycles (n=40). The pregnancy rate, the levels of serum hormones, the echo of EMI and endometrial blood flow under B ultrasound were assessed. Results：The levels of serum E2, LH and P on the day of hCG administation were not significantly different between the Chinese medicine group and the control group （P＞0.05）. The clinical pregnancy rate and the level of serum E2 in the group treated with Zuogui pill were significantly higher than those in the control group （Ｐ＜０．０５）. Compared with control group, the Chinese medicine group had better endometrial blood flow RI and echo of EMI（Ｐ＜０．０５）, and no significant changes in blood flow PI and blood branches of endometrium （Ｐ＞０．０５）. Meanwhile, the adverse reaction in the Chinese medicine group, such as hot flashes and weakness of the lumbar region, were lower (P＜0.05). Conclusions：Our data showed that the Zuogui pill may be benefit for the treatment of RIF, with balance of serum hormones, improvement of endometrial blood flow, and the improved clinical outcomes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Outcomes of IVF/ICSI-ET in Infertile Women after Transcervical Resection of Septum NIE Ming-yue;YANG Xiao-kui;DUAN Hua 2016, 35 (6):  470-472.  Abstract ( 1627 )   PDF (859KB) ( 8050 )   Objective: To investigate the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection-embryo transfer （IVF/ICSI-ET） in patients after transcervical resection of septum （ＴＣＲＳ）. Methods：Clinical data of 35 infertile women with a history of TCRS and underwent IVF/ICSI-ET from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Seventy patients with a normal uterus and received IVF/ICSI-ET homeochronously were randomly selected as control. The IVF/ICSI-ET outcomes of both groups were compared. Results：Patients with a history of TCRS had a significantly higher miscarriage rate than the control group （Z=6.224，P＜0.001）. There were no significant differences in the patients′ age, infertility duration, number of oocytes retrieved, rates of fertilization and high quality embryo, rates of clinical pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy, rates of live birth and preterm delivery between two groups （Ｐ＞０．０５）. Conclusions：After abnormal morphology of the uterine cavity were rectified by TCRS, infertile patients with uterus septum could achieve satisfactory IVF outcomes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of RCOG Thrombosis Risk Assessment Model in the Prevention of Maternity Venous Thromboembolism LIU Cai-yun;LIU Jiao-lan;HUA Hai-hong 2016, 35 (6):  473-475.  Abstract ( 1619 )   PDF (841KB) ( 8139 )   Objective: To explore the application of the RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists) model of thrombosis risk assessment in the prevention of maternity venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods: A total of 2 089 puerperas delivered in our hospital were included from May 2015 to June 2016. They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group. Puerperas in the control group were treated by traditional nursing to prevent VTE. Based on the RCOG model, those puerperas in the observation group were classified and treated by corresponding intervention. The levels of prenatal and postnatal blood D-dimer in two groups, and the morbidity of VTE, were compared. Results: There was not significant difference in the level of prenatal blood D-dimer between two groups (P＞0.05). The level and the positive rate of postnatal D-dimer in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The ratio of puerperas with the increased postnatal D-dimer level in the observation group was much lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05). No puerpera in the observation group had VTE during the 6-week follow-up period, while 4 puerperas with the high VTE risk in the control groups had VTE, who were classified into the high risk or highest risk group following RCOG assessment model. The morbidity of VTE in the control group was higher than it in the observation group, but the difference was not significant (P＞0.05). Conclusions: The RCOG model of thrombosis risk assessment was effective in the classification of puerperas VTE risk, the decreased D-dimer level, and the prevention of VTE by corresponding intervention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the Uterine Artery Infusion Embolization combined with Curettage in the Treatment of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy LIU Li;LIU Yu;ZHANG Hong 2016, 35 (6):  476-479.  Abstract ( 1568 )   PDF (954KB) ( 8051 )   Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effect and safety of the uterine artery infusion embolism （UAIE） combined with curettage in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy（CSP）. Methods: A total of 61 CSPⅡ patients who underwent UAIE combined with curettage within 48 hours were retrospectively analyzed, from March 2010 to October 2015, in our hospital. The indexes such as operative time, intraoperative blood loss，postoperative incidence of adverse reactions and postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin（β-hCG） level were recorded. Results: ①All patients were punctured and intervented successfully. There were 32 cases with abdominal pain, 5 cases with fever and 7 cases with hip pain. ②In those 61 cases, the effective rate of intervention treatment was 91.8% （56 cases were cured and 5 cases failed）. Three cases had massive vaginal bleeding in their curettage，in which one case was converted to laparotomy. The intervention treatment failed in 1 case who occured massive vaginal bleeding after 28 days of intervention and 3 cases with persistent ectopic pregnancy. ③The average hospitalization expenses were （9 235±325） RMB; ④Those cases were divided into 4 groups according to the decline level of β-hCG after intervention treatment. All of 20 patients with the decreased level of β-hCG more than 75% were cured（Ｇroup 1）. In those 29 cases with the decreased level of β-hCG within 50%-75% （Group 2）， 3 cases had persistent ectopic pregnancy, and 1 cases whose β-hCG level was up to 236 064 IU/L before treatment was failed. In 10 cases with the decreased level of β-hCG within 25%-50% （Group 3）， 4 cases had persistent ectopic pregnancy, and 2 cases were failed；only 1 case with the decreased level of β-hCG less than 25%（Group 4） was converted to operation. Conclusions: The UAIE combined with curettage in the treatment of CSP is safe and effective. The decreased level of β-hCG after intervention treatment can be used as one of parameters to predict the prognosis. The greater the declined level of β-hCG, the better the prognosis. Those patients with a small decreased level of β-hCG were more likely to have persistent ectopic pregnancy, which suggested that they should be monitored after intervention treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid combined with Iodophor External Preparation in the Treatment of Candidal Balanoposthitis ZHANG Hu-sheng 2016, 35 (6):  480-482.  Abstract ( 3155 )   PDF (859KB) ( 8075 )   Objective: To observe therapeutic efficacy of the oral Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid combined with topical iodophor external preparation in the treatment of candidal balanoposthitis. Methods：120 cases of candidal balanoposthitis were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group. 60 cases in the treatment group were given the Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid combined with the topical iodophor preparation，and 60 cases in the control group were given the topical use of 2% miconazole cream. The regression times of pruritus，erythema, papule blisters, maceration and erosion after treatment in two groups were recorded. Results：After 10 days′ following-up，the total effective rate of the treatment group was 96.67% and that of the control group 86.67%. There was statistical significance in the total effective rates（P＜0.05）. The regression times of pruritus，erythema, papule, blisters, maceration and erosion in the treatment group（1.35±0.16days, 1.43±0.38days, 5.72±0.66days, 2.43±0.39days, 4.62±0.65days and 3.32±0.36days) were significantly decreased than those in the control group（2.32±0.56days, 2.63±0.60days, 8.31±1.32days, 3.93±0.81days, 7.63±1.27days and 4.62±0.55days， t values were 12.900 9, 13.087 9, 13.594 0, 12.924 3, 16.342 5 and 15.318 9, P＜0.001）. Conclusions：The Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid combined with the topical use of iodophor external preparation can be recommended in the treatment of candidal balanoposthitis, with the advantages of the inhibited local inflammation and the decreased regression times of pruritus，erythema, papule, blisters, maceration and erosion, and the shorten disease course. Related Articles | Metrics

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Developmental Origins of Adult Diseases DENG Ran-ran;LI Jie;LI Zeng-yan 2016, 35 (6):  483-485.  Abstract ( 1779 )   PDF (802KB) ( 8073 )   "Developmental origins of adult disease", based on the concept of ＂fetal origins of adult disease", was used to demonstrate the effect of the fetus intrauterine environment and the developmental environment of newborn, childhood and adult on those adult diseases. The potential biological mechanism included the developmental plasticity, compensatory growth, genetic and epigenetics, hormonal adaptations, etc. Those non-infectious chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, are attributed to the "developmental origins of adult disease". In this review, we discussed the hypothesis of "developmental origins of adult disease", the biological basis and potential mechanism, the disease types, and its research progress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Autoantibody-Related Congenital Heart Block NI Qing;CHEN Li;CHEN Wen-wei 2016, 35 (6):  486-489.  Abstract ( 1680 )   PDF (855KB) ( 8045 )   The autoantibody-related congenital heart block (ACHB) is an autoimmune condition associated with transplacental maternal autoantibodies (anti-SSA/Ro antibodies and anti-SSB/La antibodies) which interfere in the developing heart conduction of the fetus, mostly manifesting as third degree atrioventricular block. The incidence of primary pregnancy in those patients with the positive anti-SSA/Ro antibody is 2%, and 12%-20% in secondary pregnancy. Atrioventricular conduction is the basis of cardiac electric activity and mechanical activity. Atrioventricular block is a disturbance in conduction of sinus or atrial impulse through the specialized conducting system and the severity depends on how fast the ventricular rate is. The incidence of ACHB is low, however, its poor prognosis should be concerned. This review was aimed to provide clinical evidence for screening, treatment and prognosis of this disease by describing the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic methods, prognosis and prenatal interventions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Non-Invasive Fetal Cell-Free DNA Test in Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetus Chromosomal Abnormality: A Review WANG Qian;YANG Wei 2016, 35 (6):  490-492.  Abstract ( 1691 )   PDF (848KB) ( 7988 )   Down syndrome (DS) is one of the important reasons for the intelligence congenital deformity in children. Regular prenatal diagnosis is not satisfied due to the invasive procedures, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Nowadays, the non-invasive cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening and diagnosis can avoid those invasive procedures. The application of cfDNA test with the peripheral blood of pregnant women in the non-invasive prenatal screening and diagnosis of DS and other genetic diseases has received extensive attention in the field of prenatal diagnosis. Although the cfDNA diagnosis technology has been greatly developed in recent years, there are still many problems to be solved, such as technical, legal and social issues, before its extensive use. In this paper, the non-invasive cfDNA and its application in prenatal diagnosis were reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Chemotherapy on Ovarian Reserve and Ovary Protection ZHOU Lin-yan;ZHANG Qing-xue 2016, 35 (6):  493-497.  Abstract ( 1504 )   PDF (890KB) ( 7996 )   Ovarian reserve refers to the quantity and quality of fertilizable oocytes derived from the remaining follicles in ovarian cortex, which is an indicator of female reproductive ability. Actually, ovarian reserve depends on the size of follicle pool in ovarian cortex. Follicles develop in the ongoing process of folliculogenesis and follicular growth, development, maturity, apoptosis, atresia and depletion. Folliculogenesis in ovary starts from fetus and lasts throughout the whole reproductive years. With the reduced production of folliculogenesis, the quality of oocytes is subsequently compromised. The decreased folliculogenesis and oocytes quality result in the lowered fertility, which is known as the diminished ovarian reserve. It was recently reported that chemotherapy as an iatrogenic factor could lead to the decreased ovarian reserve and even premature ovarian failure (POF) by disrupting the primordial follicle pool. This review summarized the recent progress on the impact of chemotherapy on the primordial follicles, as well as the ovarian protection from chemotherapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress in Treatment of Infertility Related to Premature Ovarian Failure WU Yun-qing;SONG Dan;LI Hong 2016, 35 (6):  498-501.  Abstract ( 1585 )   PDF (865KB) ( 8283 )   Premature ovarian failure（ＰＯＦ） is diagnosed by amenorrhea, along with the elevated follicle stimulating hormone（ＦＳＨ） and the decreased estrogen （Ｅ２） levels in women before 40 years old. POF has a severe impact on the endocrine function, fertility and mental state of those women. In recent years, the proportion of patients with POF in female infertility has a rising trend. The amenorrhea and low-estrogen level caused by POF can be improved by hormone replacement therapy （ＨＲＴ）, while the treatment for infertility need more exploratory study and clinical practice, including ovulation induction, oocyte donation transplant, egg cryopreservation technology, as well as some new technologies such as gene therapy, stem cells therapy and in-vitro activation（ＩＶＡ）. The gene therapy and the stem cells therapy have been made some progress in animal tests. These achievements bring POF patients a new hope in the recovery of fertility. IVA is a further exploration to activate the residual dormant follicles for those POF infertility women, although the success rate is not satisfactory. However, there have been some successful cases of IVA treatment. In this paper, the progress in the treatment of infertility related to POF was discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Factors Related to Life Quality of Infertile Women WEI Rui-rui;AN Li-bin;CAO Rui-qi;XIE Xiao-jie 2016, 35 (6):  502-505.  Abstract ( 1539 )   PDF (853KB) ( 7962 )   Infertility is a kind of special diseases related to reproductive health, which seriously affects the life quality of patients. The factors that affect the life quality of infertile people are various, including social demographic (age, educational level, economic status, occupation, residence, infertility type, duration of infertility), life habits, personality, physical condition, psychological factors, family factors, social support, and so on. Recent studies have found that the life quality of infertile women was positively correlated with those factors such as the level of education, economic income, occupation status, duration of infertility, living habits, the status of physical and psychological, and social support, and that it was negatively correlated with other factors such as the rural residence, secondary infertility, introverted personality, and poor family relationships. This article reviewed the progress of those factors related to the life quality of infertile women, which is benefit for medical staff to treat their patients in a individual-based model. Those infertile women should be encouraged to have the timely treatment , and to improve their tolerance of treatment. It is true that the individual-based treatment will vastly improve the life quality of infertile women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Visfatin as a Potential Target in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ZHANG Yan;ZHANG Hui-ying 2016, 35 (6):  506-509.  Abstract ( 1495 )   PDF (859KB) ( 7955 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome（ＰＣＯＳ）, a common female reproductive dysfunction, is a endocrine disorder related with glycometabolism. Visfatin is a new member of the adipocytokine family. The level of serum visfatin was found to be higher in PCOS patients, expecially in those PCOS patients with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The levels of visfatin were also increased in the serum samples and endometrial tissues of endometrial cancer. The risk of endometrial cancer was increased in those patients with obesity and IR, while the endometrial cancer was thought as one of the long-term complications of PCOS. Visfatin was closely related to IR, obesity and the long-term complications of endometrial lesions in PCOS. Visfatin may be a new potential target for the PCOS treatment and further study. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Activated Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and Cervical Lesions QIAO Di;SONG Jing-hui 2016, 35 (6):  510-514.  Abstract ( 1583 )   PDF (937KB) ( 8098 )   Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the classic Wnt pathway, regulates the cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and apoptosis. As one of the intercellular signal transduction pathways, Wnt/β-catenin pathway also plays an important role in embryonic development. Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation, and cancer. In addition, Wnt signaling pathway is also one of the key pathways induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of tumor cells， which thereby affect tumor progression and metastasis. There are many factors in this pathway, including those core factors such as E-cadherin and β-catenin. E-cadherin and β-catenin are two key proteins in the junction complex to form adhesion between epithelial cells. The down-regulated E-cadherin and the ectopic expression of β-catenin can activate those target genes of the Wnt pathway, which promotes the transformation of epithelial cells by reducing the adhesion as well as increasing proliferation and migration of epithelial cells. This paper reviewed the research progress on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation and the EMT, as well as the related mechanism and clinical outcomes of cervical lesions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Toxicity Effect of Cadmium on Male Reproductive System CHEN Na;SU Ping 2016, 35 (6):  515-518.  Abstract ( 1747 )   PDF (854KB) ( 8068 )   Cadmium is a kind of toxic heavy metals and hazardous pollutant which affects many organs and systems, such as liver, kidney, lung, bones and reproductive system. The male reproductive system is more sensitive to cadmium toxicity than others. The decreased levels of StAR, P450scc, 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD caused by the cadmium exposure lead to the inhibition of steroidogenesis and the reduction of testosterone level. Cadmium exposure induces the apoptosis of germ cells and the ultrastructure changes of organelles, which ultimately damage the function of male reproductive system. The endocrine disorder, imbalance of oxidative stress and the over-activation of apoptotic factors play an important role in the mechanism of cadmium toxicity. Some antioxidants and anti-apoptotic drugs could reduce the toxicity of cadmium to some extent. This paper discusses the effect of cadmium on the male reproductive system, as well as the treatment of cadmium exposure. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Advances in Male Contraceptives YAN Yan;ZHAO Ran;XU Yi-mei;DANG Xue-ning;LIU Yue;DING Zhi-de 2016, 35 (6):  519-523.  Abstract ( 1592 )   PDF (899KB) ( 8121 )   The male contraceptives can be mainly divided into three kinds: hormonal, non-hormonal and male contraceptive vaccines. Hormonal contraceptives have been developed through longtime pharmacological experiments and some clinical trials, including androgen alone, synthetic androgen, and the combination of androgen and progesterone, etc. The targets of those non-hormonal methods were spermatogenesis, sperm motility, non-germinal cells including Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. With the characteristic of target′s specificity, those non-hormonal methods can work with the rapid onset and the low side effects. However, they are still in the stage of preclinical study. Discovery of more targets will bring new hope for the development of male contraceptives. Related Articles | Metrics