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15 March 2011, Volume 30 Issue 2
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The Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Single Gene Defects: Application of Linkage Analysis with Haplotyping KONG De-wen 2011, 30 (2):  75-79.  Abstract ( 3043 )   PDF (327KB) ( 7464 )   The preimplantation genetic diagnosis for single gene defects （SGD-PGD ）has been an embryo genetic analysis established in many European and North America countries，which can be used in clinical service for those couples who have the transmittable gene mutations in their families. With SGD PGD, they could give birth to normal baby or carrier of the recessive inherited disorder. The babies from SGD PGD cases, who had normal genomics, could stop the transmission of the mutation in those families. So, SGD PGD has been considered as a potential primary prevention of genetic diseases at the gene level. In China, the population is great, and thus the sub population with inheritable diseases is also great. So, it is important，for healthy diathesis, national economy and the people’s livelihood, to develop SGD PGD in China. Since 1998， the writer has taken the evaluation of the SGD PGD feasibility，design and practice for 35 single gene defects. This article will make a brief commentary for the usage of linkage analysis with haplotyping in SGD PGD. Related Articles | Metrics

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Altered Global Gene Expressions of Human Placenta Subjected to Assisted Reproductive Technology Treatments ZHANG Yuan;CUI Yu-gui;ZHOU Zuo-min;SHA Jia-hao;LI Ying;LIU Jia-yin 2011, 30 (2):  80-87.  Abstract ( 3526 )   PDF (399KB) ( 7689 )   Objective： To investigate the global gene expression alteration between the placentae undergoing assisted reproductive technology（ART） manipulation and the placenta derived from natural pregnancy, thus reflecting the association between such procedures and the ensuing offspring health. Methods： Three term placenta samples were obtained from patients who underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer because of oviductal factors， along with three taken from those underment normal pregnancy. A Gene Chip Affymetrix HG?-U133 Plus 2.0 Array was utilized to view and analyze the genes. By means of qRT?-PCR， we certified microarray data from 10 of the dysregulated genes， 5 of which we located， through immunohistochemistry， more precisely in the placenta. Results： Twenty?-six differentially expressed genes were identified in the ART-treated placentae： 17 up-regulated； 9 down-regulated. Eighteen of these were classified into six groups according to critical placental functions： immune response； transmembrane transport； metabolism； oxidative stress； cell differentiation； and a body of other functions. Genes involved in immune response， such as ERAP2 and STAT4， as well as those regulating cell differentiation， such as MUC1， were discerned to be differentially expressed. These were located in the placental villus tissues， in either the cytoplasm or the membrane of syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Conclusions： Differentially extressed genes in the placentae derived from ART treatment have been certified in our study. Abnormal profiles of critical placental function genes， such as ERAP2， STAT4 and MUC1， may be valuable in understanding how the placenta affects fetal programming， along with possible associations between ART treatment and offspring health. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR4A1 Regulates Androgen Production in Ovarian Theca Cells LI Mei;DIAO Fei-yang;XUE Kai;LING Jing;DING Wei;CAI Ling-bo;CUI Yu-gui;LIU Jia-yin 2011, 30 (2):  88-94.  Abstract ( 3678 )   PDF (290KB) ( 7532 )   Objective： Orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1， a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily，is widely expressed in different cell types and mediates diverse biological processes. In the present study，our main purpose was to explore the function of NR4A1 in the transcript regulation of steroidogenic enzyme genes responsible for ovarian theca cell steroidogenesis. Methods： We constructed recombinant adenovirus AdCMV?-NR4A1 and AdH1-NR4A1 to enhance or knockdown the expression of NR4A1 in theca cells，respectively. The expression patterns of Cyp11a1， Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b2 were subsequently analyzed by real?-time RT-PCR. Moreover，concentrations of testosterone in the spent medium were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results：Our results show that overexpression of NR4A1 in theca cells stimulates the expression of Star， Cyp11a1， Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b2， leading to increased testosterone production. Conversely，knockdown of the endogenous NR4A1 exhibits a significant decrease in Cyp11a1， Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b2 expression and testosterone production. Forskolin（FSK）， an activator of cAMP/PKA pathway，was applied to the cultured follicles. FSK rapidly increases the Nr4a1 mRNA levels followed by an increase in Cyp11a1， Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b2. Conclusions：Collectively， our results outline a previously unrecognized role for NR4A1 in the transcriptional regulation of Cyp11a1， Cyp17a1 and Hsd3b2 in ovarian theca cells. Modulation of these steroidogenic enzymes by NR4A1 could influence the capacity of the ovarian theca cells to produce androgen. This study provide basis for us to further explore the mechanism of NR4A1 on the pathophysiology development of polycystic ovary syndrome hyperandrogenism at molecular level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Gene Chip in Investigating Genes Associated with Endometrial Receptivity SONG Xiao-wen;ZHAO Xiao-ming 2011, 30 (2):  95-98.  Abstract ( 2260 )   PDF (240KB) ( 7427 )   A successful blastocyst implantation is depend on a receptive endometrium. It is very important to investigate the changes of the endometrial receptivity for determining the time of embryo transplantation and increasing the embryo implatation rate. Gene chip can simultaneously measure the abundance of thousands of DNA or RNA transcripts within cells or tissues to be measured simultaneously. It provides a highefficient approach to understanding changes of many genes and complex interactions, comparing healthy control and disease states. In this review, we discussed the application of gene chip in detection of candidate genes of endometrial receptivity, and investigation of those genes differently expressed in COS therapy or infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Apoptosis?鄄related Factors on Early Embryonic Development ＹU Min;LI Hong;QUAN Song 2011, 30 (2):  99-103.  Abstract ( 3045 )   PDF (341KB) ( 7435 )   Apoptosis is closely related to early embryonic development. It is an major cause for arrest of embryonic development and failure of assisted reproductive technology（ART）. Anti?鄄apoptosis factors have very important significance in promoting early embryonic development, improving embryonic quality and increasing ART achievement rate. Now review the mechanism of molecule regulation of apoptosis, factors inducing apoptosis, and recent studies of several important anti?鄄apoptosis factors, such as factors regulating gene expression of apoptosis, growth factors, antioxidants, Sphingosine 1?鄄phosphate, leptin, prostacycline, osteopontin and heat shock protein, in promoting early embryonic development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preimplantation Genetic Screen and Diagnosis of Early Human Embryos HAO Yan;ZHOU Ping 2011, 30 (2):  104-107.  Abstract ( 2039 )   PDF (221KB) ( 7349 )   PGS， as a technique of early prenatal diagnosis， has been performed in resent years as a way of improving pregnancy and live birth rates for patients. PGS identifies chromosomal abnormalities in embryos before transferred. After PGS， embryos with normal number of chromosomes are selected to transfer to the uterus. It is a kind of PGD with low risk. ESHRE PGD Consortium reported that the cycles of PGS account for more than half of the PGD cycles， and this proportion of PGS is increasing year by year. It has been performed in patients with advanced maternal age， recurrent implantation failure， recurrent miscarriage， and so on， for acceptable pregnancy rates. Although PGS offered a way for those patients with some risk factors， its effectiveness remains acataleptic at present. In this review， application of PGS and problems in diagnosis of early human embryos were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Progress of Assisted Reproductive Technology——Elective Single Embryo Transfe NIE Ling;WU Qiong-fang 2011, 30 (2):  108-110.  Abstract ( 2101 )   PDF (221KB) ( 7391 )   Assisted reproductive technology which brings hope to infertility patients, but also brings the risk for multiple pregnancy. To solve the low pregnancy rate and the problems of multiple births in IVF/ICSI（In vitro fertilization/Intracyto-plasmic sperm injection） cycle, reproductive medicine specialists have been searching for the balance. Many reproductive center found that elective single embryo transfer, can reduce multiple births and still keep high clinical pregnancy rate. Elective single embtyo transfer is the development trend of assisted reproductive technology currently for the patients who have the high risk of multiple births. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Adminstration in Assisted Reproductive Technology MA Cong-shun;XING Fu-qi 2011, 30 (2):  111-114.  Abstract ( 1994 )   PDF (219KB) ( 7359 )   Human chorionic gonadotropin（hCG） is produced by placental syneytiotrophoblast. Human urinary u-hCG and recombinant hCG， were now widely administered in assistant reproductive technique（ＡＲＴ）. Recently， the embryo quality and clinical outcomes were improved by using hCG for pretreatment before IVF/ICSI cycles. hCG can be used for completing cotrolled ovarian stimulation in late follicular phase as a substitution of LH or FSH in both long?-protocol and antagonist-protocol， and for enhancing embryo invasion by immunologic mechanism. Generally， hCG plays an irreplaceable role in the clinic of ART. Related Articles | Metrics

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Causes and Preventive Measures of Spontaneous Abortion of IVF-ET WANG Ying-chang;WANG Fan;LV Jie-qiang 2011, 30 (2):  115-118.  Abstract ( 3052 )   PDF (251KB) ( 7347 )   In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET） is the important technology of human assisted reproductive technology（ART）. In recent years， the success rate of IVF-ET has been improved significantly along with continuous optimization in culture conditions of gametes and embryos. But the incidence of spontaneous abortion still remains. It is necessary to probe into the individual factors in patients with infertility and the process of IVF?-ET treatment services， with a view to discover the reasons for spontaneous abortion， in order to take preventive measures to improve the birth rate in IVF?-ET. This paper reviewed causes and preventive measures of spontaneous abortion of IVF?-ET. Related Articles | Metrics

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The New Research Progress of Endometrium Monitoring Measured by Color Doppler Ｄuring in Vitro Fertilization and Embryos Transfer Cycles009037 GONG Xue;JIANG Xia-mei 2011, 30 (2):  119-122.  Abstract ( 1887 )   PDF (247KB) ( 7379 )   To evaluate the receptivity of the endometrium comprehensively by qualitative assessment include endometrial thickness， echo pattern， volume， exercise status， blood circulation and other factors， and quantitative assessment include endometrial blood flow parameters by colour Doppler， to the purpuse of comprehensive evaluating the receptivity of the endometrium. The aim of this report is to summarize the value of colour Doppler in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET）， and to find a safe， non-invasive and accurate way, which would guide embryo transfer， predict and improve IVF?-ET pregnancy rate and decreasing multiple pregnancy rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expression and Effect of Sex Steroid Hormone Receptors in Fallopian Tube ZOU Shi-en;ZHANG Shao-fen 2011, 30 (2):  123-125.  Abstract ( 1858 )   PDF (196KB) ( 7313 )   Tubal ectopic pregnancy still remains a potentially life-threatening diseases. Sex steroid hormones and their receptors, including estrogen receptor（ＥＲ）， progesterone receptor（ＰＲ） and androgen receptor（ＡＲ）， play important roles on fallopian tubal physiology and pathology. Those receptors are expressed in the fallopian tubes， and have time and region?-characteristics. Among them， ER and PR may participate pathogenesis of tubal ectopic pregnancy through mediating ciliary activity and the tubal smooth muscle activity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Dyslipidemia in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ZHANG Feng;LIU Hong-wei 2011, 30 (2):  126-128.  Abstract ( 2146 )   PDF (222KB) ( 7361 )   Polycystic ovarian syndrome（PCOS） is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women of reproductive age. Lower HDL?-cholesterol is prominent lipid abnormality, furthermore, elevated levels of TG and LDL?-cholesterol may also occur in PCOS. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and anovulation are correlated with dyslipidemia in PCOS. So, controlling weight, improving dyslipidemia and preventing long?-term complications play important roles in PCOS treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Tubal Infertility GUO Li-na;GU Xiang-ying 2011, 30 (2):  129-133.  Abstract ( 2720 )   PDF (278KB) ( 7324 )   Tubal infertility is one of main reasons of female infertility. Its morbidity has been in a trend of progressive increase year by year recently. There are many methods for treatment of tubal infertility. For example, certain curative effect for tubal infertility has been obtained by traditional hydrotubation and hysteron?-salpingography（ＨＳＧ）. Based on hydrotubation and HSG， the interventional therapy was developed， such as selective salpingography（SSG）， fallopian tube recanalization（FTR）， endoscopic combined interventional therapy， and surgical treatment. Some of them were combined with the traditional Chinese medicine and physical therapy. All of them have good therapic effect with their own features, meanwhile they have own disadvantages. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Correlation Between TCDD and Gynecological Diseases ZHANG Li-jun;HUANG Xiang-hua 2011, 30 (2):  134-137.  Abstract ( 2387 )   PDF (232KB) ( 7301 )   2，3，7，8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin（TCDD） is one of the most hazardous compounds，causing impairment of many organs， immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. TCDD could result in pathogenesis of some gynaecological diseases, such as endometriosis, ovarian tumor and premature ovarian failure， and promote deterioration of these diseases. However， according to the epidemiological study， TCDD could reduce the incidence of uterine myoma. So, study on TCDD and its relationship with gynaecological diseases will add our knowledge of TCDD characteristics and its mechanism, which could help us to prevent some gynaecological diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Nerve-sparing Radical Hysterectomy ZHU Tao;GAO Yong-liang 2011, 30 (2):  138-141.  Abstract ( 2528 )   PDF (208KB) ( 7278 )   Classic radical hysterectomy could frequently cause bladder dysfunction，anorectal mobility disorders and sexual dissatisfaction. Following improvement of surgical oncology， the autonomic pelvic nerves have been preseved during the phase of radical hysterectom， which has the lowed long?鄄term postoperative complications and the improved quality of life. Although many operations and practice have been carried out during the last two decades, studies comparing the effectiveness and complications of classic radical hysterectomy with nerve?鄄sparing radical hysterectomy, designed with the randomized case control, were scanty, which affected its widespread use in clinic. With the published follow?鄄up data and technique innovation， we reviewed the selection criteria， operating procedures， technical details and complications of the nerve?鄄sparing radical hysterectomy in early?鄄stage cervical cancer, and raised some expectations for future research and practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Ovarian Transposition Before Pelvic Irradiation in Young Patients with Medium?term and Advanced Cervical Cancer SHOU Hua-feng;CHEN Ya-qing 2011, 30 (2):  142-145.  Abstract ( 1969 )   PDF (212KB) ( 7301 )   Ovarian transposition is the most common method to retain the ovary functions for young patients with pelvic irradiation. It had been widely applicated in young women with early stage of cervical cancer（FIGOⅠB~ⅡA）. Improving the life quality of patients， ovarian transposition was used in young patients with medium?-term and advanced cervical cancer before pelvic irradiation. In this review, we discussed the feasibility and safety of ovarian transposition. The incidence of ovarian metastasis in medium?-term and advanced cervical cancer is actually low， especially in ⅡB squamous cell carcinoma cervical cancer. So this procedure should be considered preoperatively and discussed with patient as a part of the treatment plan, to retain the ovary function and ability of conceive. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progresses on the Anticancer Mechanisms of Natural Terpenes in Cervical Cancer ZHANG Li-li;ZHANG Shu-lan 2011, 30 (2):  146-149.  Abstract ( 1800 )   PDF (258KB) ( 7296 )   More and more Chinese herbal medicine is used for the therapy of cervical cancer, as its high?-efficiency and low-toxin advantages are gradually recognized. Terpenes is a class of important compounds in Chinese herbal medicine. Recently， a variety of terpenoids with anti?-tumor activity have been found, such as artemisinin, Cinnamomum camphora alcohol, oridonin and soyasaponins. Among them, paclitaxel has been widely used in the treatment of cervical cancer and achieved an efficient therapeutic effects. Now, the anti?-cancer mechanism of terpenes is a research topic. In this review， we comprehensively discussed the progresses of anti?鄄cancer mechanisms of terpenoid substances in cervical cancer. Related Articles | Metrics