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15 January 2016, Volume 35 Issue 1
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Prostaglandin E2 Can Promote the Expressions of Integrin αv and β3 in RL95-2 Cells HUANG Xia-man;LI Yuan-yuan;WANG Hai-yan;GU Fang-le;ZHANG Xiao-mei 2016, 35 (1):  5-8.  Abstract ( 1432 )   PDF (450KB) ( 8077 )   Objective：To explore the effect of exogenous prostaglandin E2 on the embryonic adhesion rate by integrin αv and β3, as well as the potential mechanism. Methods：The expressions of integrin αv and β3 mRNA and protein in the cultured RL95-2 cells treated with exogenous PGE2 were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. BeWo trophoblast cells and RL95-2 endometrial epithelial cells were used to establish the in vitro model. The RL95-2 epithelial cell monolayer was pretreated by different concentrations of PGE2. The rate of the adhesion between BeWo cell and RL95-2 epithelial cell monolayer was compared. Results： PGE2 （200 nmol/L） significantly increased the expressions of integrin αv mRNA and protein （P＜0.05）, while PGE2 （100 nmol/L） also significantly increased the expressions of integrin β3 mRNA and protein in RL95-2 cells （P＜0.0５）. The rate of the BeWo sphere cell adhered to the RL95-2 cell monolayer was significantly increased by the pretreatment with 200 nmol/L PGE2. Conclusions： PGE2 in appropriate concentration may increase the expressions of integrin αv and β3, and improve the embryonic adhesion. This study provides further evidence to promote the embryonic adhesion during implantation by increasing the expression of integrin αv and β3 and improving the endometrial receptivity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of PCNA and Survivin Proteins in BeWo Cells during Syncytial Process YI Li-sha;LIN Yao-hua;ZHANG Guo-zheng 2016, 35 (1):  9-12.  Abstract ( 1412 )   PDF (598KB) ( 8010 )   Objective：To observe the expression changes of PCNA and Survivin proteins in the choriocarcinoma cell line（ＢｅＷｏ） during its fusion, so as to explore the proliferation change after the fusion of trophoblast cells. The study could be helpful for developing a new therapy of gestational trophoblastic tumor （ＧＴＴ）, especially drug-resistant GTT. Methods：The intercellular fusion of the cultured BeWo cells was induced by forskolin. The expression of Syncytin mRNA in the treated BeWo cells was detected by RT-PCR, and the expressions of PCNA and Survivin proteins were detected by Western blotting. The proliferation of BeWo cells was detected by MTT. Results：①The expression of Syncytin gene in the BeWo cell treated with forskolin was increased with a time-dependent manner, which reached its peak in 48 hours. ②The expressions of PCNA and Survivin proteins in BeWo cell after treatment were significantly decreased. ③The proliferation of the BeWo cell treated with forskolin was significantly decreased with a time-dependent manner. Conclusions：The lowered expressions of PCNA and Survivin proteins in those fusion choriocarcinoma cells means the lowered proliferation, suggesting that the induced intercellular fusion of trophoblast cells may be helpful to treat those malignant GTT. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pregnancy Outcome of IVF-ET Related to the Progesterone-to-follicle Index on hCG Day DING Jin-li;YANG Jing;ZHAO Meng;ZHANG Yi 2016, 35 (1):  13-16.  Abstract ( 1374 )   PDF (599KB) ( 8026 )   Objective：To investigate the pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer （IVF-ET） related to the progesterone-to-follicle index（ＰＦＩ）, which is the ratio of serum progesterone level to the number of follicle with diameter≥14 mm on the day of hCG administration in IVF cycles. Methods：A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 384 IVF cycles between January 2013 and August 2013. The level of progesterone and PFI were compared between pregnancy patients and non-pregnancy patients. 384 cycles were divided into three groups according to PFI, group A with PFI＜0.05, group B with PFI 0.05-0.10, and group C with PFI≥0.10. The basic information and pregnancy outcome were analyzed. Results：The level of progesterone and PFI in the pregnant group were significantly lower than those in the non-pregnant group （Ｐ＜０．０５）. The levels of estradiol in the group A and the group B were significantly higher than that in the group C （Ｐ＜０．０５）. The level of progesterone in the group A was significantly lower than those in the group B and the group C, while the level of progesterone in the group B was significantly lower than that in the group C （Ｐ＜０．０５）. The implantation rate in the group A was significantly higher than that in the group C （Ｐ＜０．０５）. Conclusions：The higher PFI on the hCG day may predict adverse implantation outcome of IVF-ET. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Polarity Protein Par3 in Mouse Endometrium during Embryo Implantation CHEN Ming-ming;XU Wang-ming;XIAO Zhuo-ni;XIE Mei-ting 2016, 35 (1):  17-20.  Abstract ( 1415 )   PDF (652KB) ( 8033 )   Objective：To analyse the expression of polarity protein Par3, and its possible effects, in the mouse endometrium during embryo implantation. Methods：The mice models of early pregnancy （1-8 days of pregnancy）, pseudo-pregnancy and the steroid treatment （steroid injection in the emasculated mice） were used in this study. The expression of Par3 in uterus were tested by immunohistochemistry and analyzed by Image-Pro Plus system. Results： Expression of Par3 was increased in the uterine luminal epithelium on 1 to 4 days of early pregnancy, and then lowered on the day 5 of pregnancy. Interestingly, the positive expression of Par3 was found in the secondary decidual zone on the day 6 to 8 of pregnancy, while the negative expression in the primary decidual zone. Pseudo-pregnant models have a similar expression pattern as the early pregnant models, with low expression levels. In ovariectomized mice, both E2 and P4 treatment, or the combined treatment, could down-regulate the expression of Par3 in the luminal epithelium. Conclusions： The expression of Par3 in the uterine luminal epithelium of early pregnancy can be briefly down-regulated by E2 and P4, which is benefit for embryo implantation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Levels of Serum Estrogen and Progesterone and Expression of Endometrial Telomerase in RSA Patients at Implantation Window LONG Na;LI Jin;CAI Bo-yu;XIAO Ke-lin;GAO Liang;LI Hui;YI Hong;LI Xiao-hong 2016, 35 (1):  21-24.  Abstract ( 1460 )   PDF (774KB) ( 8045 )   Objective：To investigate the levels of sera estrogen and progesterone, and the expression level of endometrial telomerase, in those recurrent spontaneous abortion（RSA） patients in the window of implantation (WOI), so as to explore the pathophysiology of RSA. Methods：The endometrial samples were collected from 32 cases of RSA and 25 cases of normal pregnant women with the informed consent. The levels of sera estrogen and progesterone were tested by chemiluminescence. The endometrial morphology was checked by hysteroscopy. The expression level of endometrial telomerase the time of WOI was tested by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Results：①56.3% patients of RAS had the so-called "bad type" endometrium under hysteroscopy, and 40.6% RSA patients had unsynchronous response in endometrial glands and stroma. In the control group, 84% women had the so-called "good type" endometrium, and 88% had synchronous response. ②There was a linear correlation between the telomerase activity in the WOI and the E2/P ratio（r=0.947 5）. The telomerase activity in the RSA group was significantly higher than that in the control group （P＜0.05）. ③The expression of telomerase was found in both the epithelial cells and the stromal cells in the WOI endometrium. There was no significant difference in the telomerase expression in the epithelial cells between two groups（P＞0.05）, while the expression in the stromal cells of the RSA group was significantly increased when compared with the control group（P＜0.05）. Conclusions：①The endometrial morphology in the WOI under hysteroscopy is helpful to understand the endometrial receptivity of RSA patients. ②The disorder of endometrial telomerase activity in the WOI may be related to RSA. ③The levels of serum estrogen and progesterone combined with the endometrial telomerase activity were used to evaluate the endometrial receptivity, which is benefit to improve the treatment of RSA. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Pelvic Adhesion on the Fallopian Tube Recanalisation and Pregnancy Outcomes GAO Xiu-xia;HOU Hai-yan;CHEN Ya-qiong;CHEN Xiao;CHEN Jun 2016, 35 (1):  25-28.  Abstract ( 1528 )   PDF (692KB) ( 8080 )   Objective：To explore the impact of pelvic adhesion on the fallopian tube recanalisation and the pregnancy outcomes of proximal and distal tubal surgery. Methods：The clinical data were collected from 1 038 patients who received hysteroscopic/laparoscopic examination and treatment in our hospital due to infertility. Those patients were divided into two groups according to the degree and scope of pelvic adhesion, the pelvic adhesion group included 738 cases and the control group included 300 cases without pelvic adhesion. The rates of proximal salpingemphraxis and distal fallopian tube recanalisation, and pregnancy outcomes, were analysed. Results：The incidence of distal tubal atresia in the pelvic adhesion group was higher than that in the control group （42.3% vs. 14.5%, P=0.000, OR=4.32, 95%CI：3.02－6.17）. There was no significant difference in the rate of proximal obstruction between the two groups （P＞0.05）. However, the rate of proximal tubal recanalisation in the pelvic adhesion group was lower than that in the control group （59.3% vs. 75.5%, P=0.005, OR=0.47, 95%CI: 0.28－0.80）. There was no significant difference in the rate of distal tubal recanalisation between the two groups （84.2% vs. 86.0%, P＞0.05）. The intrauterine pregnancy rate was lower in the pelvic adhesions group than that in the control group （22.6% vs. 39.6%, P＜0.001, OR=0.444, 95%CI: 0.282－0.698), while the incidence of postoperative ectopic pregnancy was higher in the pelvic adhesions group （7.2% vs. 2.7%, P=0.02）, especially in patients with degree Ⅲ adhesions （12.0% vs. 2.7%, P=0.01, OR=4.62, 95%CI: 1.29－16.50）. The incidence of pelvic adhesions was lower in patients who got intrauterine pregnant after distal tube occlusion only and proximal combined with distal surgery than that in patients who did not get pregnant （94.9% vs. 82.1%, 91.8% vs. 67.3%, P＜0.05). Conclusions：Pelvic adhesions reduce the rate of proximal tubal recanalisation, and the rate of intrauterine pregnancy in postoperative patients with distal salpingemphraxis. Pelvic adhesions also increase the long-term risk of ectopic pregnancy in those postoperative patients. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Reasons of Norplant Removal in 1 056 Cases YU Ling;XU Yu-mei;ZHANG Yan-ping;YANG Yan;SONG Yan;WU Xi-mei;SONG Xia;YU Jian-chun 2016, 35 (1):  29-31.  Abstract ( 1593 )   PDF (680KB) ( 8095 )   Objective：To explore the relationship between the Norplant removal and the placed age and time. Methods：The reasons for the Norplant removal, and the constituent ratios of the reasons to removed-age and to placed-time, were analyzed in 1 056 cases in our Institution from January 1994 to December 2014. Results： In those 1 056 cases of Norplant removal, 539 cases were due to expiration, 395 cases were due to abnormal uterine bleeding, 97 cases were due to other discomfort beside menstruation, 23 cases were due to planned pregnancy or switch to other contraception, and 2 cases were due to contraceptive failure. The constituent ratio of the removed reasons showed significant difference in the different removed-age groups （P＜0.05）, but did not show significant difference in the placed-time groups （P＞0.05）. The constituent ratios of abnormal uterine bleeding，headache，acne and other symptoms, showed statistical difference in the removal age and implant time groups （P＜0.05）, while those ratios did not show significant difference in the planned pregnancy or switch to other contraception groups （P＜0.05）. Conclusions： Norplant is a long-acting, simple and efficient contraceptive method. The abnormal uterine bleeding, headache, acne and other symptoms are the main reasons of Norplant removal in different age and implant time groups. Related Articles | Metrics

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Follow-up System after Assisted Reproductive Technology JIANG Xing-lu;ZHANG Bo 2016, 35 (1):  32-36.  Abstract ( 1363 )   PDF (768KB) ( 8074 )   It is for only 37 years since the birth of the first "test-tube baby" in 1978, with many problems deserving to be further studied in assisted reproductive technology (ART) as a emerging discipline. Lots of data in ART, such as the pregnancy rate, the implantation rate and the live birth rate, cause the concern of medical organization, medical worker and infertile couples. The clinical practice of ART shows that it is very important to develop and improve the follow-up systems after ART. The hot topic is how to develop a standard follow-up system. With the development of ART technology, the pursuing goals have been changing, for example, from the pregnancy rate to a healthy child, from the short term follow-up to the long term follow-up, from persuing superficial high rates to finding the reasons behind those rates. Meanwhile, there are some differences in the follow-up systems after ART in different countries. In this review, we introduced the follow-up systems after ART which were developed in our country and other countries. Related Articles | Metrics

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SET Expression was Regulated by the SET-related Proteins XU Si-liang;ZHU Qian;LIU Jia-yin;CUI Yu-gui 2016, 35 (1):  37-41.  Abstract ( 1734 )   PDF (752KB) ( 8086 )   Set was firstly described as a part of the set-can fusion gene associated with acute undifferentiated leukemia in 1992. The Set protein (SET) expressed widely in human tissues is a multifunctional protein in regulating DNA replication, nucleosome assembly, histone modification, gene transcription and cell apoptosis. It participates in the regulation of testosterone biosynthesis by inhibiting PP2A activity and further activating the lyase activity of P450c17 in those steroidogenetic cells in gonadal system and adrenal gland. Phosphorylation of ser causes cytoplasmic detention of SET which aggravates the protein-protein interaction and then triggers Alzheimer′s disease（AD） pathogenesis and oncogenesis. The SET-binding proteins refer to many major functional groups like metabolism, signal transduction, transcription and translation. Study on the SET-binding proteins revealed new SET functions. Many kinds of bioactive tumor suppressors inhibit SET activation by binding PP2A and activating PP2A function. SET suppressor could be a beneficial approach to prevent cancer growth and metastasis, including prostate cancer, lung cancer and so on. This review will focus on the structure, phosphorylation regulation, regulatory proteins and binding proteins of SET, and summarize the potential antineoplastic drugs targeted on SET. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Proteomics of Human Sperm WU Yan-qing;RAO Meng;XIA Wei 2016, 35 (1):  42-46.  Abstract ( 1696 )   PDF (636KB) ( 8105 )   With the development of mass spectrometry, the detection of human sperm proteins has been realized high throughput, and the proteomics has become an important tool to study sperm. We reviewed the advances in the proteomics of normal human sperm, the proteomics of sperm capacitation, and the proteomics of oligo-, astheno-, and terato spermia. The proteomic study on the structure, function and abundance change of many proteins, such as glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, testis specific (GAPDHS), outer dense fiber protein (ODF), the A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) and heat shock proteins (HSP), will be helpful for understanding spermatogenesis, sperm function and fertilization mechanism. And some of the key proteins selected, such as lectin galactoside-binding, soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP), histone cluster1, H2ba (HIST1H2BA) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2), can be developed as possible clinical targets for the diagnosis of male infertility. These proteins also have potential significance for exploring the mechanism of male infertility and male new contraceptive. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytokines in Follicular Fluid were Related to Follicle Development and Pregnancy Outcomes BAO Lu-ri;CHEN Xiu-juan;WANG Li-yan;WANG Yu 2016, 35 (1):  47-50.  Abstract ( 1553 )   PDF (688KB) ( 8103 )   With the increasing technology in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer（IVF-ET）, the roles of cytokines in the regulation of oocyte development in ovarian microenvironment have been widely concerned. Cytokines as a class of hormone-like peptides with comprehensive biological activity participate in the regulation of reproduction, such as the follicular development, embryo development and blastocyst implantation and others, by regulating ovarian hormones and paracrine. It was found that the abnormal expression of cytokine profile in follicular fluid, such as vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）, granulocyte colony stimulating factor（G-CSF）, reactive oxygen species（ROS）, insulin-like growth factor（IGF）, interleukin（IL）, and leukemia inhibitory factor（LIF） could be related to the follicular mature disturbance. The enhancing research in this area will be helpful to improve the clinical pregnancy outcomes of IVF-ET. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Knockout Female Mice in Reproductive System Research QIN Zhi-juan;YANG Xiao-qing;ZHANG Yu-quan 2016, 35 (1):  51-55.  Abstract ( 1595 )   PDF (781KB) ( 8134 )   Gene knockout technology was developed in the second half of the 1980s through the homologous recombinant DNA technology, which played an important role in the research of gene function, developmental biology and diseases. Until now, the homologous recombination DNA technology is still the most popular way to build the knockout models. The knockout mice model has been most widely used. This article mainly reviews some important methods of gene knockout at home and abroad and their application in the study of female reproductive system, including the influence of sex hormone on reproductive organs and hormone-dependent diseases, the mechanisms of cytokines in the regulation of reproductive organs during puberty and gonad development and mature, as well as the defect in the gonadal development of embryo. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Drugs on Reproductive System and Embryonic Development XU Zi-feng;DING Zhi-de 2016, 35 (1):  56-60.  Abstract ( 1591 )   PDF (775KB) ( 8211 )   The rate of drug-taking population is rising rapidly in our country，especially among teenagers or juveniles, in recent years. Drugs not only cause severe harmfulness to the growth，development and metabolism of the neuroendocrine system，cardiovascular system and many other systems in human body，but also vastly damage reproductive system. In this article, we introduced the harmful effects of various drugs on reproduction. For example，the opioid drugs have a negative effect on the sperm motility and mobility which directly leads to male infertility. Methamphetamine intaking for long time can induce the gestational hypertension，fetal death in utero，abortion，premature，neonatal death and infant mortality. Marihuana intaking during pregnancy can lead to the slow growth and neural dysplasia in fetus and the damage of recognition ability in newborn. There is an important caution in our society by studying the effects of different drugs on reproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of the Semen Gardnerella Vaginalis Test in IVF-ET LIU Guo-lin;TANG Yuan-yuan;FAN Yu-ping;TENG Xiao-ming 2016, 35 (1):  61-64.  Abstract ( 1907 )   PDF (814KB) ( 8197 )   The success rate of assisted reproductive technology（ＡＲＴ） was affected by many factors, including microorganism infection. In males, Gardnerella vaginalis（ＧＶ） infection can cause urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, encephalitis, liver abscess, lung abscess and other diseases. And in women, GV infection can cause vaginitis, infertility, abortion and others. In recent years, the detection rate of positive GV in male infertility patients with unknown causes was significantly higher than that in normal males. The study on the relationship between GV infection and male infertility, and the outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer （IVF-ET）, was limited so far. What effect of GV infection on the sperm quality and the embryo development, and the pathogenic mechanism of male infertility related to GV infection, is still not clear. The GV epidemiology in men, the possible mechanism of infertility related to GV infection, the effect of GV on the embryo development and the clinical application of semen GV test in ART were reviewed in this paper. Related Articles | Metrics

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Function of Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Ovary-related Diseases LIU Yun;HU Wei-hua 2016, 35 (1):  65-69.  Abstract ( 6191 )   PDF (961KB) ( 8234 )   Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a disulfide-linked dimer of two identical subunits of glycoprotein, is secreted by immature testicular Sertoli cell and ovarian granulosa cells, belonging to the transforming growth factor β super-family. One of main physiological functions is regulating the germ cell development. AMH participates in regulating follicular development and growth. AMH has been used to assess ovarian reserve and to predict menopause age. It can be used to detect early ovarian disease and to assess progression and prognosis of disease. In the area of assisted reproductive technology (ART), the application of AMH gets more and more recognition. With the development of analysis technics, AMH test gets more simple and accurate. Compared with other biological indicators, AMH is relatively stable in the different day of menstrual cycle. Now, AMH, as well as its application in ART, has become a hot-topic in recent years. In this paper, we summarized the function of AMH and its clinical application in ovary-related diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Chronic Endometritis during IVF-ET BAO Hong-chu;LIU Zhen-teng;HAO Cui-fang 2016, 35 (1):  70-72.  Abstract ( 1662 )   PDF (660KB) ( 8158 )   Embryo implantation failure is one of major factors related to the clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer（IVF-ET）, even if the good-quality embryos were transferred, which may be related with the aberrant endometrial microenvironment. The chronic endometritis（CE）, a subtle lesion and persistent inflammation without clinical symptom or only accompanied by mild disturbances and increased leucorrhea, is found by the widespread hysteroscopy test, which cannot be diagnosed in some infertility women by routine ultrasound and hysteron-salpingography（HSG）. The effect of CE on the clinical outcomes of IVF-ET has widely been paid attention. It was found that CE was associated with the repeated implantation failure after IVF-ET. The histological test is the gold standard for CE diagnosis, and anti-infective therapy could be effective for those patients with CE. Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent Advances in Pelvic Floor Dysfunction MENG Wen-bin;SONG Jing-hui;YANG You-lian 2016, 35 (1):  73-77.  Abstract ( 1633 )   PDF (902KB) ( 8172 )   Pelvic floor dysfunction（PFD） refers to a wide range of medical conditions caused by the weakness, tightness, or impairment of the muscles in the pelvic floor, with increasing incidence over time. The contributing factors for the pathogenesis of PFD are multi-factorial. Although the non-operative management of PFD is a safe way to treat many pelvic floor complaints, surgical management is another choice if the function rehabilitation of pelvic floor can not be achieved by the non-operative treatment. With increasing knowledge on the anatomical components and structure of the pelvic floor, modern modalities including transvaginal uphold mesh and uterosacral suspension are applied, along with the traditional surgical procedures. However, both traditional and modern modalities could be accompanied with post-operative complications. It is proposed that PFD treatment should be individual-based. This review summarized the pathogenesis of PFD and the new diagnostic modes which provide the theoretical basis for clinical treatment, compared the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment modalities as well as their indications, and introduced new techniques, new materials and new instruments as well as their research progress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Sleep Disorders on Reproductive System XIE Jin-rong;CHENG Li-lin;ZHU Zhen-yi;DING Zhi-de 2016, 35 (1):  78-82.  Abstract ( 1647 )   PDF (935KB) ( 8097 )   The morbidity of sleep disorders (SD) dramatically increased year by year, especially in the young and the middle-aged population, because of the fast-paced life and the increased pressure of study and work. SD extremely affects human physical and psychological health, and reproductive system including sex behavior, synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones, development and maturation of reproductive cells, pregnancy, embryonic development and offspring′s health, etc. The pathological mechanism of SD is involved in the disorders in neuroendocrine system, immune system and oxidative stress reactions. There are theoretical and social significances to study the effects of SD on the reproductive system, which is to prevent, diagnose and treat the diseases, to elucidate the pathological mechanism, and to warn especially people to change their unhealthy lifestyles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients after Cervical Conization and Radical Trachelectomy: A Review ZHAI Jun-ying;DENG Xiao-hui 2016, 35 (1):  83-86.  Abstract ( 1677 )   PDF (956KB) ( 8061 )   Currently, the age of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia（ＣＩＮ） and cervical cancer shows a more apparent tendency of younger. Most of them are of childbearing age, including a large number of unmarried and nullipara women who are eager to preserve their fertility after treatment. Cervical conization and radical trachelectomy（ＲＴ） were mainly applied in those patients with CIN and early cervical cancer who have reproductive requirement. Without compromising the cure rate of cervical lesions, both surgical procedures remove part of cervical tissue. These patients could be pregnant because of the retained corpus uteri. In recent years, there were many studies on the two surgical procedures, such as the fertility preservation, pregnant complications, pregnancy outcomes and the mode of delivery. This paper reviews the pregnancy outcomes, as well as some related factors, in those patients with CIN and early cervical cancer after cervical conization and RT. Related Articles | Metrics