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15 September 2015, Volume 34 Issue 5
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Study on Human Oocyte Mitochondrial DNA Deletions and Energy Metabolism before and after Cryopreservation CAI Xue-yong;PENG Nan-ni;DIAO Rui-ying;LI Ling-wei;CHEN Yan 2015, 34 (5):  357-360.  Abstract ( 1643 )   PDF (917KB) ( 7562 )   Objective: To explore the effect of cryopreservation on the mitochondrial DNA（ｍｔＤＮＡ） deletions and energy metabolism of human oocyte, so as to investigate the effect of cryopreservation on oocytes preservation. Methods: The dumped oocytes with 0PN, 2PN and 3PN during routine IVF were collected for this cryopreservation study. Those oocytes were randomly divided into two groups, one for vitrification cryopreservation （Ｇｒｏｕｐ Ａ） and the other as control （Group B, without cryopreservation）. The nested polymerase chain reaction （ＰＣＲ） was used to detect the mtDNA deletions of oocyte mtDNA before and after cryopreservation. Real-time quantitative PCR was adopted to determine the copy number of oocyte mtDNA. ATP contents were detected using luciferin-luciferase assays. Results: There were not significant differences in the mutation frequency of oocyte mtDNA deletions and the copy number of mtDNA between two groups（P＞0.05）. However, The ATP content in the group A was significantly lower than that in the group B. Conclusions: The effect of cryopreservation on the oocyte mtDNA deletions and the copy number of mtDNA was limited, suggesting that cryopreservation can be properly used to preserve oocyte. Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective Effect of Astragalus Polyose on DNA Integrity of Human Sperm LIU Li-jun;MA Peng-cheng;WANG Lei;ZHANG Ai-ping;WANG Yan-chao;WANG Jing 2015, 34 (5):  361-363.  Abstract ( 1524 )   PDF (636KB) ( 7509 )   Objective: To examine the protective effect of astragalus polyose (AP) on the DNA integrity of human sperm underwent freezing-thawing. Methods: The human semen samples with normal motility (7 samples) or low motility (5 samples) were collected. After grouped, the sperm suspension were freezed with the cryoprotective medium contained 0, 10, 25 and 50 mg/L of AP (the T0, T1, T2, T3 groups). The positive control is 1 g/L of Vitamin E (the T4 group). After the conventionally freezing-thawing, and dyeing with acridine orange, those sperm samples were detected the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) using fluorescence microscope. Results: In those groups of normal sperm motility, the DFI in the T1 group was significantly lower than those in the T0, T2, T3 and T4 groups (P＜0.05). In those groups of low sperm motility, the DFI in the T1 group was significantly lower than those in the T0 group and the T4 group (P＜0.05). Conclusions: The AP at 10 mg/L concentration has a protective effect on the DNA integrity of human sperm underwent freezing-thawing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structural Equation Model of the Effect of Psychological and Physiological Factors on IVF/ICSI Outcomes SHI Xiao;XU Hui;LIU Qian-qian;LI Yun;QUAN Song 2015, 34 (5):  364-367.  Abstract ( 1412 )   PDF (1275KB) ( 7585 )   Objective: To clarify the effect of psychological and physiological factors on IVF/ICSI outcomes by developing a structural equation model. Methods：442 infertility women who met the inclusion criteria were selected randomly as subjects. Psychological questionnaires （STAI, BDI, PSSS and MCMQ） were used to measure psychological status. Data of social demography, basic disease and treatment were also collected. Basic statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 16.0, and the structural equation model was developed by AMOS20.0. Results：Through the structural equation modeling, we found that the quality of embryos and the psychological states directly influenced the clinical pregnancy outcomes. Age, bFSH, AFC, the number of retrieved oocyte, Gn starting dose, the treatment duration and total dose of Gn indirectly affected the pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions：The crossover effect between psychological and physiological factors were complicated. It is helpful for improving the pregnancy outcomes to remove the negative psychological factors, besides improving biological factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Outcomes of Different Embryo Transfer Strategies in IVF Treatment Cycles DONG Juan;CAI Ling-bo;ZENG Qiao;MA Long;XIA Meng;LIU Jia-yin;CHIAN Ri-cheng 2015, 34 (5):  368-371.  Abstract ( 1489 )   PDF (592KB) ( 7539 )   Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes of different strategies of embryo-transfer (ET) on the day 3 of in vitro cultured embryos in IVF treatment cycles. Methods：This is a retrospective study on those ET cycles on the day 3 of in vitro cultured embryos in those patients aged lower than or equal to 35 years in our IVF center from January 2010 to December 2012. All cycles were the first stimulated ovulation induced by long and short programs. The sperm-donor cycles and the genetic diseases cycles were excluded. Ocytes in every cycle were more than or equal to two. The strategies of ET were divided into four groups, based on the embryo number of ET and the embryo score（embryos were scored asⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ; while Ⅰ and Ⅱ were considered as high-score embryos and Ⅲ and Ⅳ as low-score embryos）. Group A, transfer one high-score embryo; Group B, transfer two high-score embryos; Group C, transfer one high-score embryo and one low-score embryo; and Group D, transfer two low-score embryos. The rates of clinical pregnancy, implantation, twin pregnancy, miscarriage and live birth among 4 groups were compared. Results：There was not significant difference in the miscarriage rates among four groups （8.67%, 10.34%, 13.54%, 20.00%; χ2=4.146，P=0.246）. The rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth per ET cycle in the group B（55.94%, 49.38%） were significantly higher than those in the group A （32.05%、28.63%） and the group C（42.86%, 37.72%）, respectively（P＜0.000 1）. The rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth per ET cycle in the group C were significantly higher than those in the group A（P＜0.01）． However, the rate of twin pregnancy in the group B（３６．３１％） was significantly higher than those in the group A（０．６７％） ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｃ（２３．９６％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）． Conclusions：The strategy of ET of one high-score embryo combined with one low-score embryo can get acceptable rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth per ET cycle, while it does not increase the rate of twin pregnancy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fallopian Interstitial Pregnancy after Assisted Reproductive Technology：10 Cases Report ZHANG Yuan;SHU Li;CHAI De-chun;DING Wei;MAO Yun-dong;WANG Wei;LIU Jia-yin 2015, 34 (5):  372-374.  Abstract ( 1428 )   PDF (534KB) ( 7509 )   Objective: This is ten cases report of the interstitial pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology（ＡＲＴ）. Methods：Ten cases of the interstitial pregnancy after IVF/ICSI-ET in our center, from July 2011 to July 2013, were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical features and related risk factors were summarized. Results：Ten patients aged （32.9±3.7）years, with the tubal-related operation history, accepted IVF/ICSI treatment due to their tubal factors. Four cases had a history of ectopic pregnancy. Nine patients had been transferred 2 embryos in their ART cycles，and only 1 case transfered a single embryo. As for clinical manifestations，6 cases were firstly suspected for ectopic pregnancy by B ultrasound, 1 case suffered from abdominal pain，1 case had a small amount of vaginal bleeding，and the other 2 cases were complained of abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. After diagnosed, eight patients underwent direct operation，one case successfully received MTX treatment while another one case underwent operation after her unsuccessful MTX treatment. Conclusions：The interstitial pregnancy after IVF/ICSI was possibly related to abnormal function of fallopian tube after the tubal-related operation，especially tube resection or the proximal tubal occlusion. The number of transferred embryos should be controlled in those IVF/ICSI patients with high-risk factors，while B ultrasound monitoring after transplantation and health education should be added so as to reduce the adverse outcome of the interstitial pregnancy after ART. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Characteristics of Exacerbated Latent Tuberculosis in Pregnant Women after In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer XU Yan-qi;LYU Pin;CHEN Xiu-juan 2015, 34 (5):  375-378.  Abstract ( 1511 )   PDF (652KB) ( 7461 )   Objective: To discuss the clinical characteristics of the activated latent tuberculosis in those pregnant women after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), and to explore the necessity of examination and treatment before assisted reproduction in oviduct primary infertility. Methods：Six cases of abortion in IVF-ET pregnant women, due to activated genital tuberculosis, were retrospectively reviewed, from 2012 January to 2014 December in our reproductive center. Results：Six cases were clinical pregnant, had abortion operation due to the re-activated latent tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin test (TST)/interferon-gamma release assays(IGRAs) was positive in all of 6 cases. Only one patient had a history of tuberculosis. There were not any findings of active tuberculosis in their medical examination. The final diagnoses of 6 cases were as follows, 3 cases with endometrial tuberculosis, 1 case with endometrial and pulmonary tuberculosis, 1 case with meningeal tuberculosis, 1 case with pulmonary tuberculosis. All those abortion patients due to the activated latent tuberculosis were treated by antituberculosis at least one year before next pregnancy. Conclusions：The latent tuberculosis could be re-activated after pregnancy, and the pregnant outcome be poor, which provide us the important information that the latent tuberculosis should be diagnosed and treated exactly in those infertility women before IVF-ET. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Sexual Hormone in Human Cervical Mucus during Peri-ovulatory Period ZHANG Yan-ping;ZHANG Mei-hua;YU Ling;GAI Ling;ZHANG Li-hong 2015, 34 (5):  379-381.  Abstract ( 1538 )   PDF (486KB) ( 7470 )   Objective: To evaluate the levels of estradiol，progesterone and luteinizing hormone（LH） in human cervical mucus around ovulation. Methods：Human cervical mucus and serum samples were collected from twenty adult heathy women during the peri-ovulation. Levels of three hormones were tested using the chemiluminescent immunoassay. Ovulation was confirmed by B ultrasound. Results：The secreting models of the estradiol，progesterone and LH existed in human cervical mucus were similar with those in peripheral blood. There were the estradiol peak and the LH peak on the 1 day before ovulation. The level of progesterone was elevated from this day. However, the levels of three hormones in cervical mucus were significantly lower than those in blood. Conclusions：It could be beneficial to predict ovulation to test the sexual hormones existed in cervical mucus during periovulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience Sharing on Application of Laparoscopy in Complicated Hysterectomy PAN Xiao-hua;LING Jing;TAN Jie;ZHANG Chen-xia 2015, 34 (5):  382-384.  Abstract ( 1482 )   PDF (587KB) ( 7478 )   Objective: To explore the feasibility and clinical effect of the application of laparoscopy in the complicated hysterectomy. Methods：This is a retrospective analysis on 86 cases with the complicated laparoscopic hysterectomy （ｔｈｅ ｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ） performed from May 2012 to May 2014 in our hospital. 86 patients with usual laparoscopic hysterectomy were assigned as the control group. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incidence of transfer laparotomy, vice injury, rate of postoperative diseases, anal exhaust time, average days of hospital stay, and postoperative patient satisfaction, were compared between the two groups. Results：The operation time and bleeding amount during operation in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group [（154.60±44.67） min vs. （89.13±13.79） min; （210.47±138.93） mL vs. （70.93±43.57） mL，both P＜0.05]. There were not significant differences in the transfer laparotomy rate, vice injury incidence, anus exhaust time, hospital stay, postoperative disease rate and postoperative satisfaction between the two groups （all P＞0.0５）． Conclusions：Compared with laproscopic hysterectomy, the complicated hysterectomy under laparoscopy does not increase the risk of operation and complications，with the advantages of small trauma and faster recovery. Related Articles | Metrics

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Laparoscopic Uterine Arteries Ligation Combined with Uterine Curettage in Treatment of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy CUI Na;DUAN Zhi-min;ZHU Ji-hong;LI Ya;LI Miao 2015, 34 (5):  385-387.  Abstract ( 1569 )   PDF (500KB) ( 7455 )   Objective: To discuss the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy（CSP） by the laparoscopic uterine arteries ligation combined with uterine curetlage. Methods：Sixty cases with CSP were retrospectively analyzed from January 2011 to January 2014 in our hospital. The cases were divided into two groups depending on different treatments: patients in the interventional therapy group（n=30）accepted bilateral uterine artery embolization，patients in the laparoscopic operation group（n=30）were treated by laparoscopy. When the uterine arteries were blocked by interventional or laparoscopic method，the uterine curettage under ultrasonic guidance was completed. The curative effects were compared, including the length of time of hCG descending to normal，the intraoperative bleeding volume and the postoperative adverse reaction. Results：There were not significant differences in the operative time and the postoperative period of menses return between two groups （P＞0.05）. The blood loss，the time of hCG restored to normal range and the total hospital costs in the laparoscopic operation group were significantly lower than those in the interventional therapy group （P＜0.05）. The incidences of abdominal pain，fever and leukocytosis in the laparoscopic operation group were also significantly lower（P＜0.05）. However, there were not significant differences in the incidences of nausea, vomiting and other gastrointestinal reactions between the two groups（P＞0.05）. Conclusions：The laparoscopic uterine arteries ligation combined with uterine curettage is one of good treatments of CSP with its safety and efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Outcomes of Two Intrauterine Devices in Women with Scarred Uterus XU Hong;LOU Zhi-ying;XU Ping;YAO Ming-xia;SONG Lan-ping;QIAN Wei-hong 2015, 34 (5):  388-390.  Abstract ( 1566 )   PDF (670KB) ( 7499 )   Objective: To observe the clinical effectiveness of Gynefix intrauterine device（IUD） and TCu220C IUD in those women with scarred uterus. Methods：In this randomized control study, 434 women with scarred uterus, who had a history of cesarean section, in our institution from Jan 2012 to Nov 2013 were treated with Gynefix IUD （２２４ ｃａｓｅｓ） ａｎｄ ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ ＩＵＤ （２１０ ｃａｓｅｓ）． Ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ａｎｄ ｓｉｄｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｉｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ： Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ４ ｗｏｍｅｎ（０．９２％） ｗｈｏ ｌｏｓｔ ｔｈｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗ－ｕｐ ｖｉｓｉｔ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｎｏ ｕｔｅｒｉｎｅ ｐｅｒｆｏｒａｔｉｏｎ， ｐｅｌｖｉｃ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ＩＵＤ ｅｃｔｏｐｉａ ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ ｕｔｅｒｉｎｅ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｅｘｐｕｌｓｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｍｏｖｉｎｇ ｄｏｗｎ （０．９０％ ｖｓ. ３．３７％） ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｗｉｔｈ ＩＵＤ （０．９０％ ｖｓ. ３．８５％） ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｈｅ Ｇｙｎｅｆｉｘ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ（Ｐ＜０．０５）． Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ， ｔｈｅｒｅ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｍｏｖｉｎｇ ＩＵＤ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｔｗｏ ｇｒｏｕｐｓ （３．６０％ ｖｓ. ２．８８％， Ｐ＞０．０５）． Ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｓｉｄｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｇｙｎｅｆｉｘ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｄｙｓｍｅｎｏｒｒｈｅａ ａｎｄ ｍｅｎｏｓｔａｘｉｓ， ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｒｅｅ ｍａｉｎ ｓｉｄｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗｅｒｅ ｍｅｎｏｒｒｈａｇｉａ， ｍｅｎｏｓｔａｘｉｓ ａｎｄ ａｂｎｏｒｍａｌ ｂｌｅｅｄｉｎｇ． Ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｄｉｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｇｙｎｅｆｉｘ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｌｏｗｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ ＩＵＤ ｇｒｏｕｐ（Ｐ＜０．０５）． Ｍｅanwhile, the rates of menorrhagia and bleeding spotting in the Gynefix IUD group during 3 and 12 month follow-up visiting were significantly lower than those in the TCu220C IUD group （P＜0.05）. Conclusions：Gynefix IUD, with lower rates of expulsion and moving down, pregnancy with IUD, and less side effects compared with TCu220C IUD, is more suitable for those women with scarred uterus who had the history of cesarean section. Related Articles | Metrics

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Retrospective Analysis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Surgery in Recent 10 Years LI Yan-mei;WANG Fu-ling;LIU Jin-li;LI Ting-ting 2015, 34 (5):  391-394.  Abstract ( 1481 )   PDF (930KB) ( 7552 )   Objective: To analyze retrospectively the age tendency, the related factors and the diagnosis and treatment in those patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasias （CIN） in recent 10 years. Methods：A total of 2 192 patients with CIN, who had a surgical treatment, in our hospital from January 2004 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical data were collected including the age，pregnant history, HR-HPV infection, operation style, the rate of pathological coincidence between postoperation and preoperation, so as to analyze the incidence of CIN, risk factor and treatment method. Results：①In the recent 10 years，the number of CIN patients increased year by year and the proportion of CIN in all surgical patients of gynecology also steadily increased. The age between 30 and 40 years was of high risk. The number of CIN patients without pregnancy in latter five years was more than that in front five years（P＜0.001）. ②In 621 patients received HPV test, the infection rate was 95.65%, and the positive rate of HPV16 was the highest，followed by HPV58 and HPV52. The infection rate of multiple HPVs was 43.09% in those positive patients. The infection rates of HPV in the CIN Ⅲ and cervical cancerⅠA1 groups were significantly higher than that in the CINⅡ group（P＜0.05）. There was significant difference in the infection rates of HPV among the CINⅢ group，the cervical cancerⅠA1 group and the groups of higher-grading cervical cancer（P＞0.05）. ③The rate of pathological coincidence between postoperation and preoperation was 76.73%. ④75.27% of patients with CINⅡ and higher-grading cervical lesions were treated with cold knife conization（CKC） as the primary surgical procedure. Conclusions：The incidence of CIN was increasing year by year，especially in those young women without pregnancy. The infection of HR-HPV is closely related to CIN. The CKC is of choice surgical treatment for those patients with CIN Ⅱ and higher-grading cervical lesions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Views on Induced Abortion in Those Unmarried Women Underwent Abortion CUI Nian;CHEN Ying;TIAN Ai-ping 2015, 34 (5):  395-397.  Abstract ( 1466 )   PDF (549KB) ( 7434 )   Objective: To analyze the reason of unintended pregnancy in those unmarried women underwent induced abortion, so as to understand their views on induced abortion. Methods: An in-depth interview was conducted among 19 unmarried women underwent induced abortion in Maternity and Child Care Institution/Hospital, Chengdu, China. Results: The main reasons of unintended pregnancy were lack of contraceptive knowledge, not use or misuse contraceptives during sex intercourse. Those unmarried women had some knowledge on the induced abortion which affects health. The most worried thing was the possible effect on their future fertility. Conclusions: It is very important to provide comprehensive reproductive health information, and particularly the good-quality of contraceptive counseling and services for unmarried youth. It is also necessary to explore the appropriate and effective model of education and health care service so as to promote the reproductive health of unmarried population by the leadership of government and multi-sectoral collaboration among family, school and community. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Clinical Application of GyneFix IUD during Cesarean Section REN Wei-juan;WANG Yi-fang;CHEN Can-ming;LIU Li-li;GU Xiao-yan 2015, 34 (5):  398-400.  Abstract ( 1540 )   PDF (756KB) ( 7528 )   It is a problem to contraception after cesarean section. The second pregnancy after cesarean section, either terminate or continue to, have to bear the high risk of complications. To reduce the occurrence of unexpected pregnancy cesarean section postpartum has become the focus of attention of the clinicians. This paper is mainly to expound the availability and safety on placing IUD（ＧｙｎｅＦｉｘ ＰＰ ＩＵＤ） in cesarean section. We describe the patient selection, placement methods, points for attention and the application future. Immediately placed IUD during cesarean section has reliable contraceptive effect, with low loss rate, less side reaction. We hope to provide guidance for clinicians and cesarean section women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Protein Expression during Oocyte Meiosis YI Zi-yun;QUAN Song 2015, 34 (5):  401-405.  Abstract ( 1482 )   PDF (641KB) ( 7539 )   The meiosis and maturation of mammalian oocyte include three important periods： arresting at diplotene of the first meiotic prophase，entering into the second round of meiosis and arresting at metaphase of the second meiosis. This complicated process is controlled by a series of factors, known or unknown factors，such as mitogen-activated protein kinase，maturation promoting factor，Septin，Synaptotagmin 1，Rec8 and so on. They regulate the meiotic maturation of mammalian oocyte in the following three aspects: cell cycle，spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. This paper reviewed the expression pattern, subcellular locatization and interaction of those proteins or factors, and their potential functions and mechanisms during the meiotic maturation of mammalian oocyte. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between Granular Cell and Oocyte ZHAO Jie;CHEN Xiu-juan 2015, 34 (5):  406-409.  Abstract ( 1652 )   PDF (547KB) ( 7520 )   The granular cells share the same microenvironment with oocyte，and the "cross talk" by the gap junction between ovarian granular cells and oocyte regulates the growth and maturation of oocyte. The cumulus cells（CCs） also affected the fusion of gametes and the formation of the male pronucleus after ovulation. It was reported that the early embryos can overcome developmental block when they were co-cultured with CCs in vitro. With the development of assisted reproductive technology（ART），the prediction of transcriptional and protein expression of genome in CCs to the oocyte and embryo quality attached much more importance. This review discussed the effect of granular cells on maturation and fertilization of oocyte and development of embryo. Related Articles | Metrics

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N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) in RNA Modifications and Gametogenesis DU Lin-qing;XU Jia-wei;SUN Ying-pu 2015, 34 (5):  410-414.  Abstract ( 1579 )   PDF (884KB) ( 7552 )   N6-methyl-adenosine （ｍ６Ａ），one of the most common modifications of more than 100 methylation on RNA molecules, plays an important biological role. With the application of the m6A RNA immunoprecipitation approach followed by high-throughput sequencing （ＭｅＲＩＰ－SEQ） and the discovery of three kinds of proteins, methyltransferase，demethylase and m6A-binding proteins, the m6A was identified to be a kind of dynamic and reversible modification of RNA methylation. The m6A plays its roles just via the ?謖writing?謖，?謖erasering?謖 and ?謖reading?謖 methyl of RNA by the above three kinds of proteins. To our knowledge，m6A regulates many biological procedures, such as gametogenesis，gonadal development, embryo development, as well as RNA metabolism. This reversible RNA methylation is a post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, especially in the gametogenesis, which is a new research field in reproductive medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Non-coding RNAs on Cytogenesis and Development of Mammalian Germ Cell HUANG Kai;JIANG Meng-di;LI Mei-zi;DING Zhi-de 2015, 34 (5):  415-419.  Abstract ( 1510 )   PDF (704KB) ( 7515 )   Post-transcriptional regulation is defined that the different tissues or cells owned the same genotypes present variant phenotypes and function via the modification of DNA, which is the main content of epigenetics. As one of the major contributors to the epigenetical regulation, non-coding ribonucleic acid (ncRNA) molecules can regulate the protein abundance at the level of transcription. It was showed that ncRNAs specifically play fundamental regulatory roles in the reproductive tissues. Generally, ncRNAs include rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, siRNA, piRNA and lncRNA. rRNA and tRNA have already been well known. In this review, the effects of ncRNAs mainly including miRNA, siRNA and piRNA in mammalian germ cells, as well as the mechanism, were elucidated, such as cytogenesis, development and maturation of germ cells. And also, lncRNA was briefly introduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of mTOR Signaling Pathway in Mammalian Testis WU An-peng;SHI Dao-hua 2015, 34 (5):  420-423.  Abstract ( 1533 )   PDF (611KB) ( 7475 )   Mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR）, one member of the family of phosphatidylinositol kinase, is a kind of highly conservative Ser/Thr protein kinase. It regulates many physiological functions, such as protein synthesis，metabolism and oxidative stress，which plays an important role in cell proliferation，growth and differentiation. It was confirmed that mTOR signaling pathway can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli cell. The mTOR signaling pathway regulates the formation of blood-testis barrier，but also mTORC1 and mTORC2 respectively regulate the lock and open of blood-testis barrier. The mTOR pathway regulates proliferation and self-renewal of spermatogenia stem cell，and the meiosis of spermatocyte in the process of spermatogenesis. The review discussed the effects of mTOR signaling pathway in regulating the proliferation of sertoli cell，the formation of blood-testis barrier and spermatogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of the Adverse Effects of Paternal Factors on Fetal Development ZHOU Meng-lin;YING Jun;CHEN DAN-qing 2015, 34 (5):  424-428.  Abstract ( 1600 )   PDF (693KB) ( 7504 )   The fetal development is closely related with the adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, dystocia, congenital malformation, premature baby, low weight baby and so on. It is also a potential predictor of the fetal origin of some adult diseases. Most of the researches on the risk factors affecting fetal development were focused on the mother origin in recent years. The risk factors of father origin can be classified into two groups: the heredity-related factors such as age, diseases, somatotype, lifestyle and environmental exposure which could disturb the integrity of genomics of father origin or the genomic expression; the social and environmental factors such as psychological state, occupation and income which could mainly affect maternal pregnancy environment and life quality. Two kinds of factors can result in abnormal fetal development in uterus, which is related to adverse outcomes of pregnancy. It is benefit for the fetal development and the infant and adult health to offer genetic counseling to those couples with high-risk factors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Administration of GnRH Agonist for the Luteal Phase Support in ART OUYANG Dong-xiang;WU Qiong-fang 2015, 34 (5):  429-432.  Abstract ( 1461 )   PDF (577KB) ( 7531 )   The luteal phase defect frequently occurs after the controlled ovarian stimulation and follicular aspiration in assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs). As a clinical routine, luteal phase support (LPS) is recommended in ART cycles. The LPS treatment with definite curative effect is progesterone alone or progesterone plus hCG. However, hCG is associated with the increased risk of OHSS. Recently, it was showed that the added GnRH agonist in LPS treatment could decrease the OHSS risk, but also improve the outcomes of pregnancy. It is necessary to explore further the formulation of GnRH agonist, the minimal effective dose and the most effective timing and protocol, as well as its exact mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Endometrial Regeneration ZHANG Xiao-lei;LU Mei-song 2015, 34 (5):  433-436.  Abstract ( 1457 )   PDF (651KB) ( 7502 )   The success of in vitro fertilization-embryo transplantation （IVF-ET） is affected by many factors. Thin endometrium can reduce the receptivity of endometrium，which results in the failure of the embryo implantation. Currently，the common treatment for thin endometrium is focused on increasing estrogen，improving the endometrial blood flow and the endometrial minimally invasive stimulation. However，the above methods are not enough effective. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs） with the characteristics of self-renewal and multipotential differentiation are the best source of mesenchymal stem cells，which can be used to treat many injury diseases. Recent studies have shown that BMSCs can migrate to endometrium， increase endometrial thickness，and improve the receptivity of endometrium. BMSCs may be a prospective method for the treatment of thin endometrium. Related Articles | Metrics

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How to Maintain and Motivate the Ovarian Function for Patients with Gynecological Oncology WANG Bi-jun;GUO Yi-hong 2015, 34 (5):  437-440.  Abstract ( 1346 )   PDF (633KB) ( 7533 )   As a result of the improved oncotherapy, the survival rate of cancer patients are improved. However，the radiation and chemotherapy with reproductive toxicity are main reasons of female infertility in those young cancer patients. The increasing attention on the long-term side effects of radiation and chemotherapy and the quality of life including reproduction in those survivors is reasonable. Clinicians must increase awareness about patients′ reproductive desires for motherhood, and try to keep their fertility potentials on the premise of effective treatment of gynecological cancer. In the past ten years, great progress has been made in the female fertility preservation, which provides those cancer women the possibility to have their own children in future. The fertility preservation for those young cancer women is becoming a focus of the radiation and chemotherapy. Related Articles | Metrics