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15 November 2012, Volume 31 Issue 6
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Selection of Therapy for Female Infertility Due to Fallopian Tube Factor: Microsurgery or IVF-ET CHEN Ya-qiong;HOU Hai-yan 2012, 31 (6):  429-433.  Abstract ( 1945 )   PDF (490KB) ( 7400 )   Fallopian tube diseases was one of the important factors in female infertility, which included tubal proximal obstruction, distal adhesions, occlusion, hydrosalpinx, tubal pregnancy and sterilization. Reproductive microsurgery and in-vitro fertilization technology were primary therapy at present, being remedy each other. The therapy option, post-treatment intrauterine pregnancy, and outcomes of pregnancy, were affected by patient age, ovarian reserve, prior fertility, surgery history, number of children desired, site and extent of the tubal disease, semen analysis, presence of other infertility factors and surgeon experience. Patient preference, religious beliefs, cost, and insurance, should be considered. The therapy time, cost, safety, prognosis, and effect on future fertility, should be introduced to patients, which is helpful to develop a suitable protocol and time to achieve pregnancy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study of Embryonic Stem Cells Transplanted into the Injuried Endometrium of Mouse WANG Yan-hua;QU Jun-ying;LYU Yi-fan;JIANG Yi-ping 2012, 31 (6):  434-435.  Abstract ( 2034 )   PDF (649KB) ( 7387 )   Objective： To investigate whether the embryonic stem cells（ＥＳＣ） could selective implant into the uterine cavities of endometrium-injured mouse and help the endometrium reparation. Methods：The mouse model with freshly injured endometrium was established. ESCs derived from EGFP transgenic mouse were transplanted into the endometrium-injured mouse uterines. Then, the retention and the effects of ESCs on the reparation of injured endometrium and the tumorigenicity of post-transplanted stem cells were observed. Results：The ESCs survived in the uterine cavities more than 3 weeks with the rate of tumorigenicity increasing in time dependently. ESCs intravenous-injected could concentrated in the endometrium-injured uterine cavities and other injured parts of the body. Conclusions：Injury is the most important inducing factor of ESCs recruitment. However，the problems of inducing directional differentiation and managing the neoplasia of ESCs are remain unsolved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Human Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation on Imprinted Gene IGF-2/H19 HUANG Li-li;WANG Wen-jun;LI Lin;LI Rui-qi;HUANG Jia;YANG Dong-zi 2012, 31 (6):  436-438.  Abstract ( 1838 )   PDF (742KB) ( 7381 )   Objective：To evaluate the effect of solid-surface vitrification （ＳＳＶ） and slow-freezing on methylation profile of imprinted gene IGF-2/H19 DMR, and its effect on the expression of these two genes in follicles embedding in ovarian tissue. Methods：Human ovarian slices from 15 patients were randomly allocated to Fresh，SF and SSV groups. The methylation profile of imprinted gene IGF-2/H19 was assessed by MS-PCR. The expressions of IGF-2 protein and H19 RNA in follicles embedding in ovarian tissue from different groups were detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Results：The methylation of ovarian tissue in F， SF and SSV group was 26.46%， 41.02% and 33.09%， respectively. The SSV and SF groups did not show significantly difference（P＞0.05）. The expressions of IGF-2 protein and H19 RNA in primordial and primary follicles among F， SF and SSV groups did not show significantly difference （P＞0.05）. Conclusions：There was evidence at present to indicate that cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue had adverse effect on the methylation profile of imprinted gene IGF-2/H19. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relation Between the Condition of Normal Menstrual Cycle IVF-ET and Testosterone Levels LI Yu-bin;MAI Qing-yun;DING Chen-hui;ZHOU Can-quan 2012, 31 (6):  439-441.  Abstract ( 2202 )   PDF (532KB) ( 7417 )   Objective：To investigate the relation between the serum testosterone level and basis ovarian endocrine and infertility treatment condition during IVF cycles in normal menstrual cycle women. Methods：495 cases who had IVF-ET cycles from March 2011 to July 2011 in our center were collected. Cases were divided into groups with different parameters, such as age, basis FSH, basis LH，FSH /LH ratio，and basis E2. Testosterone levels, and treatment of IVF cycles, were meticulously compared. Results：The testosterone levels were statistically different in those sub-groups which divided with age and basal FSH/LH ratio （P＜0.05）, while they were not statistically different in those sub-groups divided with basis FSH，basis LH，FSH/LH ratio， and basis E2（P＞0.05）. Among those groups with different testosterone levels，the numbers of retrieval oocyte and portable embryos in the IVF-ET cycles were significantly different（P＜0.05）. Conclusions：Serum testosterone levels were related to some classic indicators of ovarian reservation，such as age，FSH/LH ratio and oocyte number of super-ovulation. The serum testosterone levels can also influence the IVF-ET treatment results in women with normal menstrual cycle. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expression of Progesterone Receptor and Progesterone Induced Blocking Factor and Association to Spontaneous Abortion CHEN Zhi-fang;TAN Li 2012, 31 (6):  442-444.  Abstract ( 2134 )   PDF (688KB) ( 7357 )   Objective：To compare the expressions of progesterone receptor （PR） and progesterone induced blocking factor （PIBF） in the decidua tissues of early normal pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in early gestation stage. Methods：Twenty-five cases of early spontaneous abortion women （as the study group） and 20 cases of healthy women with early normal pregnancy （as the control group） were recruited. The expressions of PR and PIBF in the decidua tissues were detected by the streptavidin peroxidase immunostaining. Results：PR and PIBF expressed in the decidua tissues of both groups. There was no significant difference in the expression positive rates of PR and PIBF between two groups （χ2=0.002，P＝0.975； χ2=0.006，P＝0.950），but the expression intensity of PR and PIBF in the control group were stronger than those of the study group（Zc=2.261，P＝0.020；Zc=2.463，P＝0.010）. Conclusions：The lower expressions of PR and PIBF in the decidua tissue could be associated with early spontaneous abortiｏｎ，ｗhich reflected a pathway of the maternal complicated network related to early spontaneous abortion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Follicle Stimulation Hormone and Pentanoic Acid Estradiol on Mouse Oocyte in Vitro Maturation LI Ying;TAN Li 2012, 31 (6):  445-448.  Abstract ( 1880 )   PDF (592KB) ( 7349 )   Objective：To investigate the effect of Follicle Stimulation Hormone （FSH） and pentanoic acid estradiol on the mouse oocytes in vitro maturation, and the capacity of in vitro fertilization and merogenesis. Methods：The female Kuming mice were conducted superovulation. Immature oocytes were collected from those ovaries. Those immature oocytes were classified as six groups: matured for 24 h in the basal culture fluid without hormone as control; and the culture fluid added 10 and 50 IU/mL FSH; and the culture fluid added 1, 10, 100 mg/L pentanoic acid estradiol, The status of oocytematuration was observed, those matured oocytes were then inseminated in-vitro. The capability of fertilization was observed, and the inseminated oocytes were cultured for another 48-72 hours. The cleavage rate was compared at last. Results：① Compared with control, all treated groups had similar rates of undergoing GVBD, MII and cleavage （P＞0.05）. ②The fertilization rates in those groups treated with 10, 50 IU/mL FSH and 10 mg/L pentanoic acid estradiol were 41.18％，40％ and 42.86% respectively. Those rates were all higher than that in control group（19.44％） （P＜0.05）. Compared with control, two groups treated with 1 and 100 mg/L pentanoic acid estradiol had similar cleavage rate and fertilization rate（P＞0.05）. ③The percentages of GVBD, MII and cleavage in groups treated with FSH and pentanoic acid estradiol of different concentrations were similar （P＞0.05）. Conclusions：The addition of 10 and 50 IU/mL FSH or 10 mg/L pentanoic acid estradiol in the mouse IVM culture solution could promote the mature of mouse oocyte cytoplasm，and increase the fertilization rate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Analysis of PCOS Infertility of 50 Cases LING Jing;TAN Jie;DAI Jie;CUI Yu-gui;LIU Jia-yin 2012, 31 (6):  449-451.  Abstract ( 1876 )   PDF (641KB) ( 7359 )   Objective：To analyze retrospectively the infertile factors of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） and the pathological mechanism, and to discuss its comprehensive therapy. Methods：Clinical analysis of the pathological mechanism of infertility induced by PCOS in 50 PCOS patients was did from infertility clinic in our hospital from Jan-09 to Apr-11，including the comprehensive treatment. Results：In 50 cases, there were 39 cases with mature follicles（78.0%），30 cases of pregnant（60.0%），5 cases of threatened abortion（16.7%），5 cases of missed abortion（16.7%），2 cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome（OHSS）（6.7%），1 case of twin pregnancy（3.3%），2 cases of ectopic pregnancy （6.7%），23 cases were labored successfully. Conclusions：PCOS is a endocrine disorder of multiple etiological factors and clinical manifestations including hyperandrogenism，insulin resistance and hyperproinsulinemia. So the treatment for PCOS infertility should be comprehensive. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Investigation of Artificial Abortion of Adolescents Under the Age of 20 in Tianjin Urban and Suburban YIN Zhen-hui;YANG Hua 2012, 31 (6):  452-454.  Abstract ( 2227 )   PDF (603KB) ( 7303 )   Objective：Ｔｏ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ ｔｈｅ ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔｓ ｕｎｄｅｒ ｔｈｅ ａｇｅ ｏｆ ２０ ｉｎ Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ ２００７－２０１１，ａｎｄ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｕｒｂａｎ ａｎｄ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ，ｓｏ ａｓ ｔｏ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｔｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｍｅｔｈｏｄs：Ｔｈｅ ｄａｔａ ｏｆ ３１ ５７８ ｃａｓｅｓ ｏｆ ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｆｒｏｍ Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ ｕｒｂａｎ （Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｏｆ Ｇｙｎｅｃｏｌｏｇｙ ａｎｄ Ｏｂｓｔｅｔｒｉｃｓ） ａｎｄ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ （Ｔｈｅ Ｘｉａｎｓｈｕｉｇｕ Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｏｆ Ｊｉｎｎａｎ Rｅｇｉｏｎ），ｆｒｏｍ Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ ２００７ ｔｏ Ｎｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ ２０１１，ｗｅｒｅ aｎａｌｙｚｅｄ． Ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｇｅ，ｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｒｅｇｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ：Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔｓ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ４．４６％ ｉｎ １ １５７ ｃａｓｅｓ ｉｎ ｕｒｂａｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅ ｉｔ ｗａｓ ６．７８％ ｉｎ ３８３ ｃａｓｅｓ ｉｎ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ． Ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃａｒｅｅｒ ｗａｓ ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｕｒｂａｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ，ｗｈｉｌｅ ｉｔ ｗａｓ ｕｎｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ （Ｐ＜０．０１）． Ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｔ ５ ｙｅａｒｓ，ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ （Ｐ＜０．０５），ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔｓ （≤１８ ｙｅａｒｓ） ａｌｓｏ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ （Ｐ＜０．０５）． Ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｕｒｂａｎ ｇｒｏｕｐ ｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ，ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｐｅａｔ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ （Ｐ＜０．０５），ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｏｓｅ ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔｓ （≤１８ ｙｅａｒｓ） ｒａｐｉｄｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ （Ｐ＜０．０１）． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎs：Ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｂｏｔｈ ｕｒｂａｎ ａｎｄ ｓｕｂｕｒｂａｎ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｐａｓｔ ５ ｙｅａｒｓ． Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｍｏｒｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ａｄｏｌｅｓｃｅｎｔ ａｂｏｒｔｉｏｎ，ｗｅ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｆｏｃｕｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ ｔｏ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｒｅｇｉｏｎｓ，ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｅ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Options in the Management of Young Poor Responders in In-vitro Fertilization ZHANG Wen-xiang;JIANG Hong 2012, 31 (6):  455-457.  Abstract ( 2012 )   PDF (630KB) ( 7305 )   The quantity and quality of oocytes could be improved by the ideal stimulation protocol for poor responders. The prediction of compromised response prior to cycle initiation by a thorough assessment of ovarian reserve could allow a more appropriate selection of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols for each individual patient. Several strategies have been proposed for clinical management of poor responders, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist short protocol, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol, milder ovarian stimulation, nature cycle and in vitro maturation, but the so-called ideal stimulation protocol still remains a challenge. So, the randomized controlled prospective trials with large samples are necessary. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adjunctive Therapy for the Poor Ovarian Response WU Hui-hui;WU Long-qi;SHAO Xiao-guang 2012, 31 (6):  458-461.  Abstract ( 1764 )   PDF (689KB) ( 7307 )   It is a big challenge to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transplantation（ＩＶＦ－ＥＴ） ｏｆ ｐｏｏｒ ｏｖａｒｉａｎ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｒｓ ｆｏｒ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｐｈｙｓｉｃｉａｎｓ． Ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ （ＡＲＴ），ｔｈｅ ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ ｏｆ ｐｏｏｒ ｏｖａｒｉａｎ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ ｗａｓ ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄ． Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅ ｅｔｉｏｌｏｇｙ ｗａｓ ｐｏｏｒｌｙ ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ． Ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ｎｏ ｃｏｎｓｅｎｓｕｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓ． Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ｍｕｃｈ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｖｅｒｓｙ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｏｆ ｐｏｏｒ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｒｓ． Ｔｈｉｓ ｒｅｖｉｅｗ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ ｏｎ ａｄｊｕｎｃｔｉｖｅ ｔｈｅｒａｐｙ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｏｒ ｏｖａｒｉａｎ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｒｓ． Ａｄｊｕｎｃｔｉｖｅ ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ ｇｒｏｗｔｈ ｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ，ｔｅｓｔｏｓｔｅｒｏｎｅ，ｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｉｓｏａｎｄｒｏｓｔｅｒｏｎｅ，ｌｕｔｅｉｎｉｚｉｎｇ ｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ，ｏｒａｌ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｐｉｌｌｓ ａｎｄ ｅｓｔｒａｄｉｏｌ ｄｕｒｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ ｏｖａｒｉａｎ ｈｙｐｅｒｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ ｃｙｃｌｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｏｖａｒｉａｎ ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ，ｂｙ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｔｏ ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｐｏｏｒ ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｒｓ′ ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅｓ． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Multifetal Reduction Technology and Its Influence on Mother and Fetus TAN Wen-ya;CHEN Lei-ning;QUAN Song 2012, 31 (6):  462-466.  Abstract ( 1895 )   PDF (662KB) ( 7322 )   Ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｉａｔｒｏｇｅｎｉｃ ｍｕｌｔｉｆｅｔａｌ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｗａｓ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ａｓｓｉｓｔｅｄ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ． Ｍｕｌｔｉｆｅｔａｌ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｒｉｓｋ ｏｆ ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅ ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ，ｍｉｓｃａｒｒｉａｇｅ，ｌｏｗ ｂｉｒｔｈ ｗｅｉｇｈｔ，ｔｗｉｎ ｔｒａｎｓｆｕｓｉｏｎ ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ａｎｄ ｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅ ｒｕｐｔｕｒｅ ｏｆ ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｓ． Ｔｈｏｓｅ ａｄｖｅｒｓｅ ｅｖｅｎｔｓ ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙ ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｍａｔｅｒｎａｌ－ｆｅｔａｌ ｏｕｔｃｏｍｅ． Ｆｅｔａｌ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ａｓ ａｎ ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ ｒｅｍｅｄｉａｌ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ ｈａｓ ｂｅｅｎ ｗｉｄｅｌｙ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｒｉｓｋｓ ｏｆ ｍａｔｅｒｎａｌ ａｎｄ ｃｈｉｌｄ． Ｔｈｉｓ ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ ｔｈｅ ｔｉｍｉｎｇ，ｍｅａｎｓ，ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ，ａｎｄ ｉｍｐａｃｔ ｏｎ ｍａｔｅｒｎａｌ ａｎｄ ｃｈｉｌｄ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｍｕｌｔｉｆｅｔａｌ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｙｅａｒｓ． Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ，ｔｈｅ ｍｕｌｔｉｆｅｔａｌ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ｄｏｎｅ ｖｉａ ｖａｇｉｎ ｉｎ ｅａｒｌｙ ｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎ （７～８ ｗｅｅｋｓ），ｗｈｉｌｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｍｕｌｔｉｆｅｔａｌ ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ １２～１４ ｗｅｅｋｓ． Ｔｒａｎｓｖａｇｉｎａｌ ａｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｅｍｂｒｙｏ ｍａｙ ｂｅ ｔｈｅ ｍｏｓｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ａｎｄ ｓａｆｅ． Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｔｈｅ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉｔｓｅｌｆ ｍａｙ ｃａｕｓｅ ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎ ｄａｍａｇｅ． Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅ ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ ｏｆ ｅｍｂｒｙｏｓ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ｃｒｙｏｐｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈａｗｉｎｇ ａｓ ｗｅｌｌ ａｓ ｅｍｂｒｙｏ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄ ｔｏ ｃｈｏｏｓｅ ｔｈｅ ｂｅｓｔ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｔｉｍｉｎｇ，ｔｏ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅ ｏｆ ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ ｐｒｅｇｎａｎｃｙ． Ａｔ ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ，ｔｈｅ ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｅｍｂｒｙｏ ｔｒａｎｓｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎ ｗａｓ ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｄ． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Research Advances of Bisphenol A Effects on Mammalian Reproductive Function LI Qian;YING Qian;DING Zhi-de 2012, 31 (6):  467-470.  Abstract ( 1916 )   PDF (764KB) ( 7380 )   Bisphenol A（BPA） is widely used for the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastic and expoxide resins in the modern industrial world. Meanwhile，it has potential estrogenic properties. Due to its broad and sufficient usage in the daily life，mammal including humans is widely exposed to BPA, which is a potential risk of health lesion. The results from laboratory experiments showed that the offspring or newborn animals would have some kinds of diseases such as precocious puberty，the abnormality in breast tissue development，prostatic hyperplasia and decline in spermatogenesis if the pregnant animals or newborns were exposed to BPA, which finally lead to premalignant lesions of breast tissue and severe lesions of genital tract. Besides，the clinical investigation also showed that BPA had some obvious adverse effects on human reproductive system, such as male sexual dysfunctions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Bisphenol A ｏｎ Ｅｍｂｒｙｏ Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ Function LUO Jian;HUANG Bo-xiang;CUI Yu-gui 2012, 31 (6):  471-474.  Abstract ( 1958 )   PDF (710KB) ( 7330 )   Ｂｉｓｐｈｅｎｏｌ Ａ （ＢＰＡ） ｉｓ ｗｉｄｅｌｙ ｕｓｅｄ ｉｎ ｆｏｏｄ ｐａｃｋａｇｉｎｇ ａｎｄ ｂｅｖｅｒａｇｅ ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ． ＢＰＡ ａｓ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅ ｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｏｒｓ ｃａｎ ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅ ｗｉｔｈ ｈｕｍａｎ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ａｎｄ ｅｍｂｒｙｏ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ，ｅｖｅｎ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｌｏｗ ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｏ－ｃａｌｌｅｄ ｓａｆｅ ｉｎｔａｋｅ ｄｏｓｅ． Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｆ ＢＰＡ ａｔ ｐｅｒｉｎａｔａｌ ｐｅｒｉｏｄ ｗｉｌｌ ａｆｆｅｃｔ ｔｈｅ ｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ． Ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｆ ＢＰＡ ｏｆ ａｄｕｌｔｓ ｆｏｒ ａ ｌｏｎｇ ｔｉｍｅ ｗｉｌｌ ａｌｓｏ ａｆｆｅｃｔ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ． Ｔｈｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｄｏｓｅ ｏｆ ＢＰＡ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｌｏｎｇｅｒ，ｔｈｅ ｍｏｒｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｉｎ ｓｅｖｅｒｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｒａｎｇｅ． Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ ｔｏ ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ ＢＰＡ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ａｔ ｔｈｅ ｅａｒｌｙ ｓｔａｇｅ． Ｗｅ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ ｈｅｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ＢＰＡ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｏｆ ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ ａｔ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｌ ｓｔａｇｅｓ，ｔｈｅ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｄｏｓｅｓ ｏｆ ＢＰＡ ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Seminal Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant GUO Ying;XIN Ling;YU He-ming 2012, 31 (6):  475-478.  Abstract ( 2012 )   PDF (697KB) ( 7338 )   Many studies were focused on the effect of oxidative damage and antioxidants on male reproductive system. Sperm physiological produces small amounts of reactive oxygen species （ＲＯＳ）, which is necessary for fertilisation, acrosome reaction and capacitation. However, if the increased production of ROS exceed the increased elimination, peroxidative damage of the sperm plasma membrane and loss of DNA integrity typically occur, which leads to cell death and reduced fertility. There were many studies concerning the roles of antioxidants in the oxidative damage caused by the male reproductive problem. Antioxidant mainly acts through inhibition of ROS production or elimination of the excessive ROS to protect sperm, especially in vitro treatment in the absence of seminal plasma. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonist in Regulation of Endometrium Receptivity YANG Ting;LI Li-fei;ZHANG Xue-hong 2012, 31 (6):  479-483.  Abstract ( 1919 )   PDF (748KB) ( 7324 )   The long GnRH agonist protocol has been widely used during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation （COH） for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer （IVF-ET）. It is clear that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist（GnRHa）was used to prevent the premature LH surge related to worse follicles and higher cancellation rate. GnRHa may affect the endometrium at the molecular level, which may be responsible for endometrial receptivity. Those factors and cytokines related with endometrium receptivity, such as integrinανβ3 and TGF-β, were discussed. Effects of GnRHa on the endometrium ultrastructure and granular cell apoptosis were also discussed. However，the role of GnRHa in endometrial endocrine，embryo invasion，and subsequent pregnancy remains controversial. This review on the GnRHa strategies during COH could help clinicists to design the rational and individual protocol of GnRHa. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship Between Visfatin and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus LIU Su-xin;HUO Yan 2012, 31 (6):  484-486.  Abstract ( 1833 )   PDF (686KB) ( 7253 )   Gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM）is defined as the glucose intolerance at different degree, which is firstly recognised during pregnancy. GDM affects 1%～10% of all pregnancies. It is associated with the increased rates of cesarean section，macrosomia and shoulder dystocia. Its etiology is relatively complex, while phathophysiological feature is insulin resistance. Visfatin, a peptide predominantly expressed in and secreted from visceral adipose with the effects of mimical insulin and inflammatory factor，has a substantial role in the glucose homeostasis. Recent studies indicated that visfatin was one of the adipocytokines which closely related to the incidence of GDM. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome NING Bing-xue;LA Xiao-lin 2012, 31 (6):  487-490.  Abstract ( 2004 )   PDF (773KB) ( 7308 )   Polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） affects 6.6%-6.8% of women in reproductive age. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, which are associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic abnormalities. According to its mechanism, metformin can improve insulin sensitivity，reduce hyperinsulinaemia and mediate other clinical symptoms of adult PCOS patients. Metformin is mainly used for losing weight，alleviating insulin resistance，regulating the menstrual period, and treating infertility. In puberty PCOS patients, metformin is used for reducing cholesterol，triglycerides，abdominal and visceral fat. In PCOS women with pregnant, metformin can lower the risks of gestational diabetes，gestational hypertension，preeclampsia, and improve neonatal outcome without any serious side effects. Overall，many available data supported that metformin could lower the cardiometabolic risk , and improve reproductive outcome, in PCOS women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progestin-only Contraceptive-depot，Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Contraceptive Injection，and Skeletal Health GAI Ling;ZHANG Mei-hua;GAI Ping;LIU Xia 2012, 31 (6):  491-494.  Abstract ( 2126 )   PDF (689KB) ( 7289 )   Ｄｅｐｏ－Ｐｒｏｖｅｒａ Ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ （Ｄｅｐｏｔ ｍｅｄｒｏｘｙｐｒｏｇｅｓｔｅｒｏｎｅ ａｃｅｔａｔｅ，ＤＭＰＡ） ｉｓ ａ ｐｒｏｇｅｓｔｉｎ－ｏｎｌｙ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｔｈａｔ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ ｈｉｇｈｌｙ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ，ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ，ｌｏｎｇ－ａｃｔｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ． Ｂｕｔ，ｉｔ ｍａｙ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ ｂｏｎｅ ｍｉｎｅｒａｌ ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ （ＢＭＤ） ａｎｄ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ ｏｓｔｅｏｐｏｒｏｓｉｓ ｒｉｓｋ． Ｉｎ ２００４，ｔｈｅ Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ Ｆｏｏｄ ａｎｄ Ｄｒｕｇ Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ （ＦＤＡ） ｉｓｓｕｅｄ ａ Ｂｌａｃｋ Ｂｏｘ Ｗａｒｎｉｎｇ “ｗｏｍｅｎ ｗｈｏ ｕｓｅ Ｄｅｐｏ－Ｐｒｏｖｅｒａ Ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ ｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｍａｙ ｌｏｓｅ ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ ｂｏｎｅ ｍｉｎｅｒａｌ ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ． Ｂｏｎｅ ｌｏｓｓ ｉｓ ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｄｕｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｕｓｅ ａｎｄ ｍａｙ ｎｏｔ ｂｅ ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ ｒｅｖｅｒｓｉｂｌｅ．” Ｉｎ ２０１０，ＦＤＡ ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅｄ ａｇａｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ＤＭＰＡ ｏｎ ＢＭＤ ｏｎ ｔｈｅｉｒ ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ． Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓ ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ ＤＭＰＡ ｉｓ ｈａｒｍｆｕｌ ｆｏｒ ｂｏｎｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ． Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ＤＭＰＡ ｏｎ ｂｏｎｅ ｈｅａｌｔｈ ｗａｓ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ． Related Articles | Metrics