Table of Content

15 May 2012, Volume 31 Issue 3
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述评
专家论坛
热点问题
论著
热点问题
论著
综述
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Sexual and Reproductive Health Service for Migrating Population: Analysis and Reflection Wu Jun-qing 2012, 31 (3):  153-155.  Abstract ( 2172 )   PDF (217KB) ( 7260 )   With the increase of number of migrants，adding absence of basic support and administration，more and more unwanted pregnancy beyond family planning，premarital pregnancy，and induced abortion were taken place among migrant population，which not only impacted on the family planning service，but also had some negative impact to sexuality and reproductive health of migrants. The use rate of IUDs and condom are relatively higher than the urban population，but the knowledge of contraception and birth control is still low； married women migrant of childbearing age were with a higher score of attitudes towards domestic violence than women in rural. Most women migrants could accept the attitudes towards husbands' beating of their wives. Compared with urban household population，their leisure lives are large differences among migrant population. Thus it can be seen that current status of contraceptives and family planning among migrants are not optimistic，and the current situation of contraceptives among migrants might be associated with inadequate knowledge related sexuality and reproductive health，low economic status，low accessibility of family planning and reproductive health related services. Therefore，the author brought corresponding suggestions and measures in order to improve the sexuality and reproductive health among migrants in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Briefing of a Social Work Project for Migrants' Improving Reproductive Health TIAN Li-chun;ZHANG Kai-ning;GAO Wan-hong;DENG Rui;YAN Chao-fang;LIU Xiang-yuan 2012, 31 (3):  156-161.  Abstract ( 2495 )   PDF (329KB) ( 7320 )   It was introduced in this paper that the social work concepts， approach and methods was applicated in a migrants' project to improve their access to reproductive health. Social work was a practical way to improve the targeting and effectiveness of project activities. By providing social work services on reproductive health， job-seeking， adapting to city living and family relationship，legal consulting and adolescent education， the project of reproductive health greatly promoted their healthy behavior and utilization of basic public health service at migrant community， as well as their capacity to deal with family issues and social conflicts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Leisure Life of Migrant Workers in China TANG Meng-jun 2012, 31 (3):  162-165.  Abstract ( 2178 )   PDF (235KB) ( 7263 )   Analysis on the survey data of migrants in six cities of China in the second half of 2010 showed that migrant workers usually work longer hours. Their leisure life was affected by the limited time, and low-class activities for recreation. Major reasons of poor leisure life in migrants were as follows: lower income in general, imperfect leisure-consumption concept, poor social identity to their workplaces, and difficulties for them to enjoy local recreational resources. Based on these findings, we put forward several policy suggestions how to improve the leisure life of the employed migrants. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Equalization Measurement of Basic Public Services for Migrant Children Aged Between 0-3 Years in Shanghai HU Qi;TENG Wen;ZHANG Ping 2012, 31 (3):  166-169.  Abstract ( 2098 )   PDF (386KB) ( 7297 )   Based on the high levels of economic and social development, the public services in Shanghai for migrant children aged between 0-3 years were at the top of China. However， with increasing the floating population，this service system was not suitable for the social situation, which affected the public services for migrant children aged between 0-3 years. There existed some problems in the fields of service accessibility and systematic integrity of health, education and family planning. We suggested that migrant workers and their children be involved in the public management system and development planning with the suitable policy support. The government should improve the management of public services for migrant children aged between 0-3 years，and implement the equalized public service for those children in Shanghai under the long-acting mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Domestic Violence on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Married Migrant Women of Reproductive Age TU Xiao-wen;SUN Feng;LOU Chao-hua;CHENG Yan;GAO Er-sheng 2012, 31 (3):  170-172.  Abstract ( 2241 )   PDF (200KB) ( 7253 )   Objective： To explore the effect of physical and/or sexual violence from husbands on the sexual and reproductive health outcomes of those married migrant women of reproductive age. Methods: A total of 958 eligible married migrant women of reproductive age were interviewed. Respondents were selected through the community-based multiple-stage sampling method in one urban district in Shanghai. Results: Respondents who had ever experienced physical or sexual violence lifetime or in the past year were significantly more likely to report that they had adverse pregnancy outcomes, symptoms of reproductive tract infections, gynecological diseases, scarce sexual desire, and sexual disharmony than women who had never experienced physical or sexual violence in the same period. After adjusting for potential influencing factors, respondents who had ever experienced physical or sexual violence lifetime or in the past year were 2.05 to 4.79 times more likely to report those above-mentioned sexual and reproductive health outcomes than women who had never experienced physical or sexual violence in the same period. Conclusions: Physical or sexual violence was strongly associated with sexual and reproductive health outcomes among those married migrant women of reproductive age. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sexual and Reproductive Health Education and Service for Those Unmarried Migrating People in Different Workplaces LOU Chao-hua;XU Jiang-jiang;CHENG Yan;GAO Er-sheng;YIN Xun-li 2012, 31 (3):  173-177.  Abstract ( 2377 )   PDF (375KB) ( 7306 )   Objective： To explore suitable models of the sexual and reproductive health education and service for those unmarried floating people in service industries and factories. Methods： Based on the work places， sexual and reproductive health education and service， including life skills training， sex education materials， reproductive health counseling， and contraceptives， were provided for those unmarried floating people working in different industries. Results：Among subjects working in service industries and factories， 86% and 71% subjects took part in the training course of reproductive health life skills， and 98% and 80% subjects received the sex education materials， respectively. About a quarter of subjects sought for reproductive health counseling， and this frequency in subjects who worked in factories was higher than that in service industries （P<0.05）. The counseling questions were also different between subjects in service industries and in factories. Among those subjects who had sexual experience in service industries and factories，22% and 23% subjects sought for the contraceptives service from the work places， respectively. More than 60% of subjects in service industries and about half of subjects in factories thought that the life skills' training was very useful. 85% of subjects in service industries were satisfied with the counseling and contraceptives service very much， while less than 30% of subjects in factories felt satisfying. Conclusions： It is necessary and practical to provide the workplace-based provision of reproductive health education and service for those unmarried floating people. However， the emphasis on content and pattern should be different among those unmarried floating people working in different industries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Attitudes to Domestic Violence in Those Married Migrant Women SUN Feng;LOU Chao-hua;CHENG Yan;TU Xiao-wen 2012, 31 (3):  178-181.  Abstract ( 2369 )   PDF (265KB) ( 7307 )   Objective： To investigate the attitudes to domestic violence in those married migrant women, and its influencing factors, so as to provide evidences for future interventions. Methods：It is a cross-sectional survey. Face to face anonymous interviews were adopted in the questionnaire survey. 958 valid questionnaires were collected. SAS9.1 software was used for the statistic analysis. Results：More than 80% of the respondents agreed that " the husband should not beat his wife at any time"，15.7% of respondents agreed that "when the husband found his wife was unfaithful， he can beat his wife"， 11.1% of respondents agreed that "if the wife does not honor father and mother in law, the husband can beat his wife". 17.1% of women disagreed "when the wife do not want, she can refuse sex with her husband". Findings of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that respondents who were older or got married by blind dates were more likely to tolerant domestic violence, and respondents who had higher educational level were more likely to object domestic violence. Conclusions：The attitudes of those married migrant women toward domestic violence were generally positive. Some of married migrant women had incorrect attitudes toward domestic violence. It is necessary to raise their awareness on the gender equality and domestic violence, and to improve their ability to prevent and combat domestic violence, by the effective propaganda and education. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey and Analysis of Contraceptives Among Migrating Population in Minhang District of Shanghai WU Jun-qing;ZHANG YU-feng;ZHAO Rui;LI Yu-yan;WANG Rui-ping;ZHAN Shao-kang;CHENG Jian-ping 2012, 31 (3):  182-185.  Abstract ( 2240 )   PDF (795KB) ( 7343 )   Objective： To analyze the contraceptives in floating population and the potential influential factors. Methods： The epidemiological cross-sectional survey was adopted in this study. The basic demography information， contraceptive use， and knowlege of contraception were included in the structured questionnaire. The χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the independent variables and influential factors. Results： There were total 1 414 persons who experienced sexual behavior among 2 001 respondents. There were 1 300 persons （91.94%） who took the contraceptive methods， including 51.08％of subjects who used IUD， 25.00％ who used male condom， and 17.15％ sterilization， and only 3.69％ used oral contraceptives. Compared with the younger migrants aged 18-24 years， those migrants aged 30-44 and above 45 years would like to use contraceptive methods. Those migrants who had higher income and higher score of contraceptive knowledge had higher rate of contraceptives use. Conclusions： There were some factors influencing their contraceptives use， such as marry status， age， income， contraceptive knowledge level and so on. It is necessary for us to advance IEC program on contraceptive knowledge， sexual behavior intervention， and to strengthen especially in those migrants whose had low income and poor knowledge about contraceptives. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Contraceptives Used by Those Married and Migrating People in Three Cities of China ZHOU Ying;LI Yu-yan;ZHAO Hong-xin;ZHAO Rui;WU Jun-qing 2012, 31 (3):  186-188.  Abstract ( 2263 )   PDF (229KB) ( 7278 )   Objective：To explore the constitution of contraceptives using among married floating people in three cities of China，and its influence factors, so as to provide a data basis for the quality service of reproductive health among the floating population. Methods：A multi-stage cluster sampling were carried out to select subjects from three cities: Beijing，Shanghai and Chengdu. The structured questionaire was used to interview subjects by the trained investigations. Results：6 304 migrants were included in this survey. Among 3938 married subjects with sex，main contraceptives were intrauterine devices（IUD 51.24%），condom（25.16%），sterilisation（17.47%），oral contraceptives（3.63%）and others（2.49%）. Subjects from Chengdu city, with good education background，with non-agricultural accounts，or without childbirth, were prefered to use the reversible contraceptives, such as IUD, condom, oral contraceptives, and so on. Conclusions：The percentage of reversible contraceptives was high. It is necessary to have propaganda and education to the question of condom, oral contraceptives, and emergency contraceptives, in different population. Related Articles | Metrics

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Survey on the Fertility Desire of Married Migrants in Three Cities of China：Analysis of the Desired Children Number LI Yu-yan;ZHOU Ying;ZHAO Hong-xin;HUANG Ping;CHENG Jian-ping;CHEN Jia-peng;WU Jun-qing 2012, 31 (3):  189-192.  Abstract ( 2348 )   PDF (213KB) ( 7302 )   Objective： To investigate the fertility status and desire of married migrants in Beijing， Shanghai and Chengdu， so as to provide groundwork for the future services. Methods： The migrants centralized in factories, building sites and service/entertainment places were recruited in this study. The questionnaire survey including demography characteristics, floating characteristics， reproductive status and fertility desire was conducted by trained investigators. Results： Totally, 4050 married migrants were investigated. The median of children number were 1 (1 to 2)， and the median of expected children number were 2 (1 to 2). The proportions of migrants hoping one child were 47.22%， 61.13%， 41.96%, and 30.38% in those age-groups of <20， 20-29, 30-39, and 40 or higher, respectively. The multi-logistic analysis found that the desired children number in the group of 40 or higher years was higher than that in the <20 age-group （OR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.04-3.77）. Subjects with the no-agriculture registered permanent residence wanted to have fewer children （OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.52-0.74），when compared with those agriculture registered permanent residence. Moreover， the higher education level， the higher average month income of family they had， the fewer desired children they wanted. The fertility desires of migrants working in the different workplaces were also different. Conclusions： The average number of desired children of migrants worked in Beijing， Shanghai and Chengdu was a little bit higher than that they had， but most of migrants did not expect more than 3 children. Migrants who had higher age， lower education and lower income want to have more desired children. Related Articles | Metrics

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Health Survey of the Physical and Mental Status of Migrant Workers in Construction Workplaces of Dalian LI Zhong-min;QU A-zhu;WU Xiong-fei;MAI Chao;WANG Zhao-ping 2012, 31 (3):  193-194.  Abstract ( 2457 )   PDF (238KB) ( 7290 )   Objective：To understand the basic health status and problems of physical disease，mental health，sexual repression of those migrant workers who work in the construction system of Dalian. Methods：Totally， 17 763 subjects were included. The medical staff did physical examination for migrant workers，and interviewed them one on one using the structured questionnaire. Results：The respondents were dominantly aged 20-49 years， 13 942/ 17 763 （83%）. The average age was 35.88 years， with the range of 16-76 years. The educational level was mainly junior high school， 11 254/17 763 （67%）， while 2688 respondents （16%） had only primary education. 20% respondents had digestive diseases， while 26% had hypertension. With the Valid Questionnaires of mental health， the positive rate was 18.4% among those respondents who met the SCL-90 screening criteria. Conclusions：We should be cared for the physical and mental health of migrant workers. Here we suggested： ①To encourage the publicity, education and promotion of health;②To promote the consultation services on the mental health and reproductive health； ③To provide of the so-called apartment for migrant workers， the lounge in construction site for those visiting relatives， and the provisional room for those migrant couples. Related Articles | Metrics

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Monitoring and Analysis of Neonatal Tetanus of Migrant Children in Zhenjiang City YAN Wei-feng;ZHAO Ya-juan 2012, 31 (3):  195-196.  Abstract ( 2296 )   PDF (235KB) ( 7244 )   Objective： Analyzing the epidemic characteristics of tetanus（NNT） of recurrent children in Zhenjiang, so as to provide the scientific basis of eliminating NNT. Methods：NNT monitoring data of the recurrent children in Zhenjiang during 2003—2010 was analyzed using the descriptive epidemiology. Results：The average incidence of NNT in Zhenjiang during 2003—2010 was 0.17 per 1 000 live births in children with a relative peak appearance in 2006, while the incidence of migrant children was 1.36 per 1000 and the mortality of NNT children was 32.14 per 1000. NNT cases were scattered. Those children were mainly from Sichuan，Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces. The ratio of male to female was 1.55∶1. The childbirth in home in those NNT cases was 86.36%. All of mothers were not inoculated against tentanus（TT）. Conclusions：NNT in the migrant children are scattered in Zhenjiang, and NNT mortality is high. It is possible to eliminate NNT in non-high risk areas by improving the rate of hospital delivery and advocating TT vaccination in migrant women. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Study on Sex Education Theories Between China and America SHANGGUAN Fang-fang;LI Su 2012, 31 (3):  197-202.  Abstract ( 2580 )   PDF (321KB) ( 7343 )   With more and more adolescence sexual problems occurring，the social consensus on the urgency of sex education has been formed. Nowadays in china，sex education is mainly problem-oriented，rather than theory-guided. In this article，we compared the difference of sex education theories between America and China， aiming to find a suitable way of adolesccence sex education in future for China. Firstly，the current sex education theories of China were summarized，including sexual physiopsycholoy model，sexual moral model，and gender model. Secondly，the sex education theories of America were introduced. In America, there are two main theories, the comprehensive sex education and abstinence-only sex education. Some American experts surveyed and integrated these two theories recently，and found the more efficient theory of sex education, including the emotional regulation and "sexuality concept" expansion. In conclusion，the author suggestted that in China，self-actualization-guided sexuality education may be the trend. Related Articles | Metrics

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Communication About the Sex-related Issues Between Parents and Their Unmarried Child: Analysis of Influencing Factors CUI Nian;TIAN Ai-ping;LI Min-xiang 2012, 31 (3):  203-207.  Abstract ( 2358 )   PDF (260KB) ( 7300 )   Objective： To investigate the communication about the sex-related issues between parents and their unmarried child (children), and to analyze the factors influencing communication. Methods：The stratified，multi-stage and cluster sampling，as well as structured questionnaire survey were used for data collection. Results：A total of 2 871 mothers and fathers who have at least one unmarried child aged 15 to 24 years were investigated. Topics communicated between parents and unmarried child were mostly on child's school study and career，and rare on sex-related issues. Problems encountered in parental-unmarried child communication about sex-related issues were mainly three as follows. ①Parents and their children feel shy（about 50%）. ②Parents didn’t know how to talk about such issues with their unmarried children （about 26%）.③Parents thought themselves being lack of knowledge related to sex （about 13%）. Parental socio-demographic characteristics，such as gender，age，education level， occupation and parental-child relationship, had different influence on parental-child communication about the sex-related issues. Conclusions：At present, the family-based sex education should be a public concern，particularly to develop strategies to increase parents' awareness and capacities in communicating with their unmarried children. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on IEC Services Among Unmarried Women Seeking Abortions in Hospitals ZUO Xia-yun;YIN Xun-li;LOU Chao-hua;CUI Nian;WANG Jin-tao;TU Xiao-wen;YU Chun-yan;WANG Zi-liang;XU Jiang-jiang 2012, 31 (3):  208-211.  Abstract ( 2268 )   PDF (262KB) ( 7286 )   Objective： To investigate the IEC （information education and counseling） services, and willingness of contraceptive use, among those unmarried women seeking abortions in three cities in China，in order to provide scientific evidence for the development of post-aboriton care. Methods：Three selected cities were Shanghai, Chengdu and Taiyuan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 271 unmarried women aged below 25， seeking abortions in hospitals. Results：Over eighty percent of subjects received IEC. IEC mainly focused on "watch-outs after abortion"，"abortion methods" and "possible complications of abortion". Information was mainly obtained through talking with doctors（77.84%-89.34%）and reading brochures （25.68%-29.55%）and posters（20.11%-38.52%）. Among subjects obtained IEC，about 34.72%-50.77% of them could understand "watch-outs after abortion"，22.46%-29.59% of them could understand "abortion complications" and about 30.49%~44.11% could understand "contraception knowledge". About 2.11%-12.47% of subjects obtained contraceptive methods, 56.24%~81.46% actively asked questions during the interaction with doctors, mainly focusing on "watch-outs after abortion" and "physically adverse effects of abortion"，while only 66% were satisfied with doctor’s explanation. Compared with the actual use of contraceptives during the past six months，the percentage of subjects willing to use contraceptive methods after abortion rose，while the percentage of those willing to use unsafe contraceptive methods decreased. Conclusions：Although those unmarried women have improved their contraceptive desire , post-abortion services in hospitals was still weak. The weak aspects included inappropriate information provided by doctors，lack of patient-doctor communication，insufficient use of brochures/posters/videos and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Non-consensual Sex and It s Relationship with Health Risk Behaviors Among Unmarried Young Women Seeking Abortion FENG Yong-liang;LOU Chao-hua;ZUO Xia-yun;NIU Hong-feng;XU Jiang-jiang;SUN Feng;GAO Er-sheng 2012, 31 (3):  212-216.  Abstract ( 2386 )   PDF (246KB) ( 7318 )   Objective： To study the situation of non-consensual sex among those unmarried young women seeking abortion， and to explore the influence of health risk behaviors on the experience of non-consensual sex. Methods： The information regarding non-consensual sex and health risk behaviors was collected by the Computer Assisted Self Interview (CASI) through an anonymous cross-sectional survey. Respondents were those unmarried young women seeking abortion aged less than or equal to 24 years. Results： The prevalences of verbal harassment， ordinary body harassment， forced sexual fondling， attempted rape and sexual coercion were 35.72%， 57.67%， 24.41%， 17.13% and 12.32%, respectively. Logistic regression showed that respondents with more health risk behaviors would be more likely to experience various non-consensual sex （OR： ranged from 1.23 to 1.33）. Furthermore, those having multiple sexual partners were more likely to suffer attempted rape and sexual coercion （OR=2.31 and 3.95）. In addition， those who had the first sexual intercourse at older age were less likely to suffer attempted rape （OR=0.89）. Conclusions： It was pervasive social problem that those unmarried young women seeking abortion suffered the non-consensual sex. Those women with more health risk behaviors would be more likely to experience various non-consensual sex. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the Adverse Events of Copper-T IUD Breakage of 30 Cases ZHOU Ding-jie;YAO Jie;WEI Yong-yue;LI Ying 2012, 31 (3):  217-219.  Abstract ( 2154 )   PDF (224KB) ( 7277 )   Objective： To evaluate the adverse events of the copper-T Intrauterine device（IUD）breakage, so as to explore the relative factors. Methods: A total of 30 cases of the breakage adverse events related to copper-T IUD were collected from 105 contraceptive adverse reaction surveillance sentinels from October 2005 to November 2010. All of these cases were analyzed by the method of causality assessment. Results: There were 4 TCu380A cases and 26 TCu220C cases in 30 cases. The fracture parts were cross arms in 28 cases and trailing arms in others. The breakage constituent ratio of TCu220C from B enterprise was higher than that from A enterprise（IC=0.40， lower limit of 95%CI=0.02）. Conclusions: The postmarked surveillance of TCu220C from B enterprise should be strengthened. The professional staff of family planning should pay attention to the adverse events of copper-T IUD breakage. To prevent the serious injury events，it is key to keep up the follow-up visit system after insertion. The adverse events should be treated timely, and the serious injury event should be reported immediately. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Premature Delivery on Cognitive Development of Children ZHAO Jing;LI Su 2012, 31 (3):  220-224.  Abstract ( 2252 )   PDF (267KB) ( 7317 )   Premature delivery could accompany with a battery of risk factors which hindered the cognitive development of children, which affected the academic achievement and social adaptation later. In this paper, we reviewed the effect of premature delivery on cognitive development, We mainly focused on three issues: whether the gestational age influenced the developmental courses of sensory perception, thinking, language and executive function; whether the delay of cognitive development persisted long-term; whether preterm delivery made a specific contribution to the delayed cognitive development. Effective screening and intervention to improve outcome of preterm children were suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Value of Natural Cycle IVF-ET in Patients with Ovarian Low Response DU Ai-jun;ZHANG Yin-feng;XU Feng-qin;YANG Kun;ZHANG Yun-shan 2012, 31 (3):  225-227.  Abstract ( 1745 )   PDF (210KB) ( 7326 )   Objective：To evaluate the application of natural-cycle in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer （IVF-ET） in infertile women with ovarian low response. Methods：The retrospective analysis was designed. The natural-cycle IVF-ET was applied in 80 infertile women with ovarian low response in Reproductive Medicine Center，Tianjin Central Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology, from January 2010 to June 2011. Patients were divided into two groups according to obtaining oocytes or not. Results：102 oocytes-retrieved cycles were performed in 80 cases. The obtained oocytes rate, embryo transfer rate and pregnancy rate in oocytes-retrieved cycles，the pregnancy rate in the obtained-oocytes cycles and clinical pregnancy rate in embryos transferred cycles were 77.2%，56.4%，16.8%，21.8% and 29.8%，respectively. LH values on the day of hCG administration in the obtained oocytes group was significantly higher than that in another group（P<0.05）. Conclusions：Natural-cycle IVF-ET is a simple，effective and economic therapeutics for patients with ovarian low response. LH values on the day of hCG administration may have a predicting value for obtaining oocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Mild IVF WANG Yi-li;SUN Ying-pu 2012, 31 (3):  228-230.  Abstract ( 2140 )   PDF (213KB) ( 7218 )   Conventional IVF has been the main strategy as it facilitates the development of multiple follicles and reduce the cancel rate in ART applications. However, it was observed that conventional IVF had the change in oocyte quality, embryos quality and endometrial receptivity which had side effect on IVF outcome. Other problems of conventional IVF included OHSS, multiple pregnancies and high cost which affect patients' compliance. So the need for a large number of oocytes as an integral part of a successful IVF programme may be queried. And how to balance between safety and effectiveness is a difficult question of clinical ART. With the development of techniques and medicine, mild IVF lowered Gn dosage by simulating natural development of follicle and embryo. Mild IVF was characterized by easy and simple to handle, short duration of medical treatment, low cost, and low rates of OHSS and multiple pregnancies. Mild IVF with the acceptable pregnancy rate improved the clinical outcomes of babies. We reviewed the current knowledge about mild IVF, advantages and disadvantages of mild IVF in clinical practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Chromosomal Analysis of Human Sperm WU Fang;BAI Xiao-hong 2012, 31 (3):  231-234.  Abstract ( 2331 )   PDF (214KB) ( 7243 )   Fluorescence in-situ hybridization（FISH） characterized by its simple，rapid，high sensitivity and high specificity has been the preferred method of chromosomal analysis of human sperm. FISH can detect thousands of sperm chromosomes in a batch of analysis. By FISH, it was found that the frequency of aneuploidy in those people contacting with poison, under chemo-treatment, or those people being chromosomal balanced translocation carrier and infertile men, was significantly increased than that in normal men. Especially with the development of intra-cytoplasmic injection （ICSI），application of FISH in detecting sperm chromosomes of infertile men was significantly increased. We hereby reviewed the application of FISH technology in detecting aneuploidy of sperm chromosomes in recent years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Chemical Oocyte Activation in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Sperm and Spermatid HUANG Jing;JIANG Hong 2012, 31 (3):  235-238.  Abstract ( 2106 )   PDF (243KB) ( 7358 )   The incomplete oocyte activation is one of the main causes of fertilization failure or low fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）. Fertilization rate and embryo developmental potential of haploid round/elong spermatid （RS/ES） were lower than those of mature spermatozoa. Chemical oocyte activation can significantly improve fertilization outcomes in cases with low fertilization rates or fertilization failure after ICSI using ejaculated sperm or spermatid from testis. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms of different chemical activators, and the application of chemical oocyte activation in micro-insemination with sperm and haploid spermatid. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Hydrosalpinx on ART Outcomes and Mechanisms LIU Yan;SUN Ying-pu 2012, 31 (3):  239-241.  Abstract ( 2001 )   PDF (222KB) ( 7358 )   Epidemiological studies showed that 30%-40% of female infertility were accounted for oviduct diseases. Hydrosalpinx was one of main oviduct diseases. Effect of hydrosalpinx on ART outcomes and its pathophysiological mechanisms could be summarized as follows, mechanical washing, embryo toxicity, lowered endometrial receptivity, inhibited ovarian function, loss blood flow in and beneath endometrium, restricted sperm activity and fertilization. By reviewing the effect of hydrosalpinx on ART outcomes, we can provide better strategies of ART treatment for patients with hydrosalpinx. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Application of Hysteroscopy in Patients with the Repeated Implantation Failures YU Qin-mei;ZHAO Xiao-ming 2012, 31 (3):  242-245.  Abstract ( 2294 )   PDF (207KB) ( 7308 )   The repeated implantation failure is a key problem affecting further improvement of clinical pregnancy rates. Two main reasons of the repeated implantation failure are low endometrial receptivity and defect embryonic development. Hysteroscopy is generally considered to be the golden standard in the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology. It offers direct visualization of endometrium and uterine cavity, which enables clinicians to diagnose and treat intrauterine pathology during the operation in order to optimize the condition of uterine environment. So hysteroscopy could be an effective tool for improving the IVF outcomes of patients with the repeated implantation failure. We discussed here the clinical applications of hysteroscopy in patients with the repeated implantation failures. Related Articles | Metrics