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15 March 2012, Volume 31 Issue 2
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Assisted Reproductive Technology and Ectopic Pregnancy Risk CUI Yu-gui;DAI Xiao-nan;LIU Jia-yin 2012, 31 (2):  81-83.  Abstract ( 2180 )   PDF (381KB) ( 7225 )   Ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology（ART）is a well known risk. The rate of ectopic pregnancy is 2 times higher in ART pregnancies than that in spontaneous pregnancies， especially heterotopic pregnancy，special type of ectopic pregnancy. Tubal factor infertility is main treatment indication of ART，while it is also identified as the main risk factor for ectopic pregnancy after IVF-ET. It is necessary to do the casecontrol multi-center study in a big population to understand the risk factors of ectopic pregnancy after ART，which will be helpful for the ectopic pregnancy prevention after ART. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of Inorganic Nanoparticles as Nonviral Gene Delivery Vectors LIU Shan;LIU Jia-yin;CUI Yu-gui 2012, 31 (2):  84-88.  Abstract ( 2411 )   PDF (453KB) ( 7241 )   Ideal gene vector should be non-toxic, efficient, targeted and easy preparation, low price, etc. Viral and nonviral vectors are commonly used now. Those novel non -viral vectors including inorganicnanoparticles are expected to be developed into the ideal gene carriers. Inorganic nanoparticles as gene carrierscan be used to wrap, concentrat, and protect the nucleic acid from nuclease degradation, and to mediate geneexpression in target cells. Nanoparticles vectors are characterized by almost no toxicity, easy preparation,preservation convenient, large surface area, good biological compatibility and biodegradability, and stability. Ithas been indicated that the inorganic nanoparticles as nonviral gene dilivery vector has broad applicationporspects, based on systematic review and investigation on published literature in this field. We are trying touse this technology toa variety of genes or gene fragments, such as Calretinin gene and its siRNA into multiple gene fragments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cervical Priming Prior to Vacuum Aspiration，a Randomized and Double Blind Clinical Trial LIU Xiao-ai;LIU Yan;WANG Hai-yun;LIU Jian-hua;QIAO Qin-qin;GAO Yan 2012, 31 (2):  89-92.  Abstract ( 2519 )   PDF (498KB) ( 7161 )   Objective：To evaluate the suitable time and dosage of mifepristone and misoprostol forthe cervical priming prior to vacuum aspiration. Methods：This is a randomized and double blind clinical trial. 900 cases of pregnant woman who wasprimi-gravid or had only once early abortion were randomly divided into four groups.100 mg of mifepristone were given at 12h（groupA）or 36h（groupB）pre-operation. 0.6 mg（groupC）or 0.4 mg（groupD）of misoprostol were given at 3h pre-operation. Effects of mifepristone and misoprostol on cervical primingwere compared. Results：The effective rates of cervical dilatation of mifepristone in group A and group B were 65.73% and 77.10%（P=0.01）, while the mean values of cervical dilatation were（6.21依1.08）mm and（6.66依1.17）mm, respectively（P约0.01）. The difference was insignificant when compared those results between people being primi-gravida or not, or compared people under anesthesia or not. The effective rates of cervical dilatation of misoprostol ingroup C and group D were 75.1% and 70.3%（P=0.261）, while the mean values of ervical dilatation were（6.64依1.15） mm and（6.41依1.15）mm, respectively（P=0.04）. Effect of misoprostol in primi-gravida women was identified with that of overall people. Conclusions：100 mg of mifepristone at 36h pre-operation or 0.6 mg of misoprostol at 3hpre-operation was suitable for the cervical priming prior to vacuum aspiration, and misoprostol was more practical. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Study of Quinacrine Female Voluntary Non -Surgical Sterilization LU Wei -qun;ZHU Jiang;ZOU Su-ping;LIU Guang-hua;HOU Yong-hua;YANG Zheng-pin;XIAO Shi-wen;AN Wen-shi;TIAN Ying-mei 2012, 31 (2):  93-96.  Abstract ( 1933 )   PDF (555KB) ( 7191 )   Objective：To assess the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of quinacrine sterilization(QS) when QS was cosmically used in clinic. Methods: This trial was completed from March 2007 to July2010. 6 000 female volunteers were recruited in Guizhou province. Seven pellets of QS (252 mg) were insertedinto uteri using the modified Cu-T intrauterine device (IUD) during days 3 to 7 after menstruation or >delivery/ postpartum 6 weeks. The second insertion of the same dose was performed 4 weeks of the first insertion.Questionnaires and physical examination were asked during the 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24th months. Results: 5 780 cases were followed -up with the longest follow -up times,1248 days. The main side effects were yellow discharge from vagina, dizziness，tired, menstrual irregularity. There was not any serious side effect. The effective rate was 98.5% , which effected by the situation and time of QS insertion. Conclusions：QS wasachea, contraceptive with the characteristics of simple performance, non-wound and non-pain, low side effectand hign acceptability. Some factor can increase the QS effective rate, such as delivery / postpartum 6 weeks，3 to7 after menstruation，two times of insertion, lying down for 2 hours after QS procedure, contraceptive3 months after each insertion. QS contraceptive has positive role in improving acceptability of female sterilization and reducing cost of family planning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Placenta Hominis in Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure of Chinese People: a Systematic Review HU Ying;XU Liang -zhi;LI Wen -juan 2012, 31 (2):  99-104.  Abstract ( 1904 )   PDF (787KB) ( 7204 )   Objective：To assess the effectiveness and safety of Placenta Hominis in treatment of premature ovarian failure of Chinese people. Methods：A systematic review and meta -analysis of the randomized/semi -randomized controlled trials was designed to study Placenta Hominis used for treatingpremature ovarian failure. Articles were searched from The Cochrane Library, All EBM Reviews, EMBASE,PUBMED, MEDLINE, CNKI, etc. RevMan 5.0.25 recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration was used toconduct this systematic review and meta -analysis. Results：Two trials including 135 patients were included.The methodological quality of two studies was low. The menses recovery rate in the group treated with PlacentaHominis combined with artificial menstrual cycle was significantly higher than that in the control group treatedwith simple artificial menstrual cycle（RR=1.47，95%CI：1.19耀1.82，P=0.0004）.The change of serum E2 levelin the group treated with Placenta Hominis combined with artificial menstrual cycle was also better than that inthe control group（WMD =原42.29，95% CI：-56.45耀-28.13，P<0.000 01）. Conclusions：In the treatment of premature ovarian failure, Placenta Hominis combined with artificial menstrual cycle hada relatively highermenses recovery rate and better serumE2 level than the control group. It can not be concluded at present thatPlacenta Hominis is better than the hormonal treatment. More evidence from the high quality, randomizedplacebo controlled trials is needed to assess the effectiveness and safety of traditional Chinese herbals, such asPlacenta Hominis, in treating premature ovarian failure. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Semen Quality Analysis of 120 Fertile Men in Tianjin XIU Rui-jie;ZHAO Lu;DONG Yan;GU Xiang-ying 2012, 31 (2):  105-107.  Abstract ( 2608 )   PDF (699KB) ( 7155 )   Objective: To study the semen quality of healthy and fertile men in Tianjin, and explorethe factors affected semen quality. Methods: Semen assay was conducted on the World Health Organization's manual on semen analysis (4th)援The Olympus BX40 differ microscope was used to detect semen quality of 120fertile and healthy men aged 19 to 38 years. They had children within age of 1 year or let their sexsual partnerpregnancy within 3 months. Those factors including age, educational level, abstinence time, marital status,drinking, smoking, drinking tea or coffee were analysed. Results:淤 Sperm density of 17 (14.17%) men was< 20伊106 /mL. The sperm survival rate of 6 (5.00%) men was < 50%. The semen quality of 20 (16.7%) men didnot fully meet the standard.于There were not significantly difference in those semem paramenters among menwith different ages, different abstinence time，with or without drinking or smoking(P>0.05).盂Semen PH value was significantly different between men drinking coffee and men no drinking (P<0.05).榆Sperm density was significantly different between men drinking usually tea and men drinking infrequently tea(P<0.05).There were not significant differences (P>0.05) in those parameters such as grade (A+B) sperm rate and viability rate between two groups. Conclusions：Few parameters of semen quality could not meet the index of WHO 4thmanual in 120 fertility men. Age and abstinence time are not the risk factors of semen quality, but drinkingusually tea affect sperm density and coffee affect semen pH. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Clinical Research and Development of Human Assisted Reproductive Technology ZHANG Yin;WU Qiong-fang 2012, 31 (2):  108-114.  Abstract ( 1951 )   PDF (744KB) ( 7303 )   Infertility is a global reproductive health problem，the number of patients with infertility has increased year by year. Since the first "test-tube baby" in the world, UK's Louise Brown, was born via in vitro fertilization（IVF）in 1978，assisted reproductive technology（ART）has been the leading surgical treatment for couples diagnosed with infertility. ART included artificial insemination（AI）、in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET）、intracytoplasmic sperm injection（ICSI）、embryo cryopreservation technology and so on. Many other ARTs are been rapidly evoluting，such as some ARTs based on human genomics. A series of new ARTs, such as in vitro oocyte maturation (IVM), preimplantation genetic diagnos（PGD）, single embryo transfer, gamete and embyo freezing and frost thawing technology, have been developed. These new ARTs provided possibilities to reduce cost and risk of routine in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET）. In this paper, we reviewed the clinical and experimental progress of ARTs Related Articles | Metrics

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The Clinical Application of Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis of Robertsonian Translocation Carriers LU Lin-lin;BAI Xiao -hong 2012, 31 (2):  115-118.  Abstract ( 2306 )   PDF (688KB) ( 7271 )   Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an important technology of the assisted reproductive technology (ART). The diagnosis of chromosomal abnormality is an important part of PGD. For thein vitro fertilization embryos of Robertsonian translocation carriers，fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) asa PGD technology can be used to solve the fertility problem, to reduce genetic risk and achieve the eugenicpurposes. This review summarized current knowledge of FISH and its application in PGD of the Robertsoniantranslocation carriers. Related Articles | Metrics

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HOXA10 with Its Downstream Genes Emx2, Integrinβ3 and Endometrial Receptivity GAO Qi;CAI Xia 2012, 31 (2):  119-122.  Abstract ( 2347 )   PDF (694KB) ( 7330 )   Homeobox Gene HOXA10, one member of the multi -gene family of transcriptional regulation, plays an important role in determining endometrial receptivity. HOXA10 is mainly involved in regulation of embryo implantation and endometrial decidualization. The mechanism may be related to endothelin type A receptor, Kruppel-like factor 9, GABA（A）pi recepto, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenasecalpain, cigarett smoke, p300/CBP-associated factor, tryptoph an 2, 3-dioxygenase. Integrin茁3 and Emx2 are downstream genes of HOXA10 in endometrial cells. HOXA10 inhibites expression of Emx2, but activates integrin茁3,which play an important role in embryo implantation and decidualization of stromal cells. The abnormal regulation of HOXA10 expression causes infertility. Related Articles | Metrics

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome WANG Ying;WEI Zhao-lian 2012, 31 (2):  123-125.  Abstract ( 1932 )   PDF (647KB) ( 7254 )   The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), one of the largest cellular organelles, serves as many essential functions，including production of all components of cellular membranes, proteins, lipids, and steroids. When unfold/mis-fold proteins were over -accumulated in ER, Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) will be induced. ERS, a self -defence mechanism, is a pathological condition of the functional disorder of ER. The strong and long -lasting ERS could lead the irreversible cell injury, even apoptosis. The granulosa cells abnormally apoptosis follicles of PCOS ovaries, which suggested that granulosa cells apoptosis by ERS may be involved in PCOS pathogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Venous Thromboembolism in Gynecological Perioperative Period ZOU Ping-ping;QU Jun -ying 2012, 31 (2):  126-128.  Abstract ( 2321 )   PDF (699KB) ( 7143 )   Deep venous thrombosis（DVT）is caused by the backflow obstruction in the deep vein blood. DVT often occurs in lower extremities. The deciduous thrombosis can lead pulmonary embolism（PE）. DVT and PE collectively known thromboembolism（VTE）, common complication of postoperativepatienwerets.Itisacomplexpaasthophysiovenouslogicalprocessinvolvedmanay substances and factors. Effective preventive measures can greatly reduce the VTE occurrence. Anticoagulant treatments in time will evidently improve patients’outcomes. In China，the risk of thrombosis has not yet been fully understood. It is necessary to study further the clinical application of hemostatic and anticoagulation in the gynecological perioperative period. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Metastasis-associated MicroRNAs in Ovarian Cancer ZHOU Xing-chen;QIU Li-hua 2012, 31 (2):  129-132.  Abstract ( 731 )   PDF (658KB) ( 103 )   MicroRNAs（miRNAs）, a class of small non-coding RNAs, negatively regulate the expression of target genes at the post -transcriptional level. The tumor -associated miRNAs have been demonstrated to act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recent studies suggested that some miRNAs acting on target genes through various pathways, might play roles in regulating tumor metastasis in ovarian cancer. Therefore，it is possible to find new targets for therapy of ovarian cancer by studying the effects of miRNAs on ovarian cancer metastasis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Progesterone on Pregnanc ZHU Jie;TONG Xian -hong 2012, 31 (2):  133-136.  Abstract ( 1757 )   PDF (710KB) ( 7272 )   It is necessary to develop the proper fetal -maternal immune tolerance for successfulpregnancy. Along with the development of pregnancy, progesterone, as a kind of immune regulatory factor, actson end-ometrial epithelial and stromal cells and spiral arteries, which provides the uterine micro-environmentfor pregnancy. Meanwhile, progesterone regulates the activities of dendritic cells, T cells and natural killer cellsin deciduas, and up -regulates human leukocyte antigen G gene expression. The effects of progesteronesynthetically induced the immune tolerance. Thus, progesterone is critical for the maintenance of pregnancy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Function of Micronutrients in the Periconceptional Period YU Ling;WANG Shu-fang;YAO Yuan-qing 2012, 31 (2):  137-140.  Abstract ( 2479 )   PDF (728KB) ( 7173 )   Micronutrient deficiencies have been proved to be associated with the high reproductiverisks, such as infertility, some fetal structural defects and long-term diseases. The periconceptional period isparticularly critical stages, including fertility, conception, implantation, fetal organogenesis and placentation,which potentially affected by micronutrients. In particular，some micronutrients have antioxidant activity, sothey can effect against the oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). These micronutrients protect fetus and mother in every stage of periconceptional period. So, the prophylactic use of some micronutrients may prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. People should increase awareness of healthy diet before pregnancy. In this review, we discussed on the relationship beween some poor micronutrients and reproductive risks in the periconceptional period. Related Articles | Metrics

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Apoptosis and Neural Tube Defects GUAN Zhen;WANG Jian-hua;NIU Bo 2012, 31 (2):  141-144.  Abstract ( 2407 )   PDF (741KB) ( 7244 )   Apoptosis may play an important role in organ development and self-balance maintenance.Apoptosis is beneficial to clear away the redundant and abnormal cells, which builts the new dynamic balancebetween cell proliferation and apoptosis. This mechanism is important for the neural tube development. Duringthe neural tube development, genetics, maternal nutrition, and environmental factors may affect apoptosis bydirect or indirect disturbance to the expression of key genes, by which apoptosis is affected. Apoptotic disorderleads to imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, which interferes with normal development. Theclosed neural tube defects make up dysrhaphia and deformity. In this article，the role of apoptosis in the neural tube development was reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Renin Angiotensin Systemin the Uteroplacental Unit and Pre-eclampsia HAN Hui-juan;LI Xiao-dong 2012, 31 (2):  145-148.  Abstract ( 1129 )   PDF (797KB) ( 112 )   Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease,the pathogenic mechanisms of pre-eclampsia remain largely undefined. Pregnancy activates many of the different components of circulating and local RAS. Research on different regulation of RAS between normal pregnant and pre-eclampsia may provide insight into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. This article reviews changes of RAS in circulation and uteroplacental unit in Pre-eclampsia. Unlike in normal pregnancies,many components in circulating RAS including AngⅠ,AngⅡ,Ang-(1-7) and plasma renin activity is downregulated in women with pre-eclampsia,serum ACE is increased,.and serum AT1 antibodies (AT1-AA) are also higher. In pre-eclamptic placenta, total renin and active renin concentration are significantly increased and AT1 receptor mRNA, protein are upregulated.Ang II peptide levels and renin activity and ACE mRNA in the rterine placental bed are significantly higher in the uterine placental bed. Related Articles | Metrics